Essay on Zeus

Introduction: The Odysseys is a historic writing attributed to Homer in other words it is a Greek mythology. Through it were experience the life of one (Zeus) who is associated to the Greek culture recognize themselves with him and some of his deeds as Heroic to them. The Odysseys is like a mythological collection of the Greeks belief or the reason why they posses some practices in their daily lifestyle so is the Zeus and his portraits or statues in the current Greek state. To understand him all discuss him relying on the questions as my guidelines. What does he look like? In art Zeus was represented as a bearded, dignified, and mature man of stalwart build; his most prominent symbols were the thunderbolt and the eagle. In most of his appearances in writings or his image portraits, usually represented as an older, vigorous bearded man. But representations of Zeus as a powerful young man also exist. Zeus was a god identical to the roman God Jupiter. The derivatives of his name comes from, the sky god Dyaus of the ancient Hindu Rigveda. How he looked like was mostly derived from what he used to do, in other words the responsibilities that he used to have. E.g. Lord of the Sky, Rain-God, Cloud-Gatherer, And Zeus of the Thunderbolt. What are his basic personality traits or temperament? Zeus was involved in a number of things that summed up his personality, from his deeds some personal traits were derived such as a highly powerful, strong, charming, persuasive person. Â  His powerfulness is seen when he was a young adult and was able to face his father in a battle field and overthrow his rule. This also carries his attribute of being stronger in that if at all he wasn’t he couldn’t have dared the battle against his father. His persuasive personality comes in his erotic escapades to lure either mortal and immortal women or the devious means to seduce the unsuspecting maidens resulting in the fathering of many mortals. What is his role in the story? Zeus can be said to be the ultimate savior of the mortals and immortals. The story talks about how the mother (Rhea) tricked Cronus the father and saved his life from the wrath of the father who was out to outdo a prophesy. This Rhea achieved by giving the father stone wrapped in a cloth instead of the Child Zeus. His main role is first experienced when he succeeds in regurgitating the father to vomit the five children he had previously swallowed who turn out to be Zeus brothers and sisters. After which he (Zeus) led the revolt against his father together with his brothers who were filled with the fury of being swallowed for all those years in overthrowing the father. What does the character want? Zeus main aim of overthrowing the father was to revenge on the death of his brothers and sisters. That is after the ordeal that the father killed the brothers and sisters with an aim of trying to block the fulfillment of a prophesy that was to come. And also Zeus, with the tricks of the mother, working under the father for a short period of time without knowledge of the father knowing his own son, is appointed the chief judge and peacemaker, but most importantly civic god. He brought peace in place of violence, His duties in this role were to maintain the laws, protect suppliants, to summon festivals and to give prophecies as the supreme deity Zeus oversaw the conduct of civilized life, and hence he was also driven by this to overthrow the father. In other words what he wants is to gain control of the universe. What objectives do they pursue? They were Gods hence a reflection of their personality is portrayed when they gang up together to fight up the titans and Cronus their father to wrest control of the universe.( Zeus and his brothers Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades and Poseidon). And they achieved their objective in the end by at long last having him and his brothers Poseidon and Hades divided up creation. Poseidon received the sea as his domain, Hades got the Underworld and Zeus took the sky. Zeus also was accorded supreme authority on earth and on Mount Olympus. How are they a reflection of their personality? Zeus and the brothers were gods and they exuded this when the regained their rightful positions after deposition of their father Cronus. How do they get what they want? Achieving their control of the universe at large did not only means revenging against the father only but also through conquering the mortals and gaining confidence over them and the achieved this by facing them in the battle field in the clash of the titans. What does he do when he is faced with problems? Later Zeus faces a problem of what the father also faced. That is a dilemma of a prophesy that one of His sons will overthrow him, and the similarity is seen when he repeats the mistake the father did, by starting to kill his sons by swallowing them. Unfortunately he is faced with the same consequences the father underwent when he took the option of killing the children as an option of trying to evade the wrath set forth by a prophesy. What do other characters say about him? What others have always emulated in him was lost, in other words they were brothers and they told him the reality of facing the same wrath their father underwent. What is his status? Zeus saw the fall of his father and went ahead and did a repetition of the same, hence he is bound to see some change as an immortal being in that what he thought will have to change, in other words his position as the supreme authority on earth and on Mount Olympus will change. How does he reflect his status? When it pounced on him that his status had indeed changed that is after his own fall he regretted doing what he had done, he did understand that pride comes before a fall. What is expected of him? As a ruler he had exuded himself to be, he was expected of him to admit his mistakes. What does he represent and why did the Greeks remember him? Through Zeus the Greeks believe that he was responsible from all his children he gave man all he needed to live life in an ordered and moral way. To the Greek people he truly represents the origin of Greek culture. And they remember him with all the arts, sculptures, preserving his temple known as the ‘temple of Zeus’, which held the gold and ivory statue of the enthroned Zeus, sculpted by Phidias and hailed as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Including the Olympic Games were played in his honor.

Pollution of Drinking Water Supplies Essays - 803 Words

It is widely known that water covers almost three-quarters of the Earths surface. However, it is not widely known that more than 99 percent of Earths water is unusable by humans and many other living things. Less than one percent of water which supports most of the forms of life we are familiar with. Unfortunately, that one percent of fresh water becomes more polluted every year. The pollutants that fill our waterways each year are largely unknown. Water pollution comes from a number of unique sources, such as industrial waste, urban storm-water, agricultural runoff, various household chemicals and even nuclear waste. Combining these points of pollution with the increase in global population results in a continuously decreasing†¦show more content†¦This rapid pumping has created huge sinkholes on the land surface in some areas. Overpumping in coastal areas like Florida has caused the water table to drop below sea level and has contaminated the freshwater with salty ocean water. Overpumping of rivers for agricultural and personal use has caused some rivers like the Colorado to dry up before it reaches the ocean. This not only harms the ecosystems found around the rivers, but also prevents essential nutrients from rivers from entering the ocean, depriving fisheries of food and in turn hurting the oceans food chain. The end result of this is a loss in biodiversity and interruption in the food chain. Irrigation of land with water from these rivers leaves the soil full of salts, resulting in the land being unable to produce as much as it would have. In 1972, Congress enacted the Clean Water Act to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nations waters. One goal of the Act is to ensure all our sources of water are clean enough to drink and swim in. To date, roughly 65% of our waters meet this goal. Although Congress has enacted a number of public health programs to stabilize the problem, there is still much work that needs to be done. One point of control the Clean Water Act established involved a federal and state partnership to control the discharges from large industrial sourcesShow MoreRelatedThe Factors Affecting Safe Drinking-Water (Planning and Essay Basic)1485 Words   |  6 Pagesaffecting safe drinking water: Describe and explain the different factors effecting access to safe drinking water. (10 marks) Planning and Notes: * From 1996 – 2006 +/- 1.56 billion people gained access to improved drinking-water sources. * Today 87% people drink from improved water sources compared to 77% in 1990. Physical factors that affect safe drinking water: * Amount of precipitation * Seasonal distribution of precipitation * Physical ability of the surface area to store water E.g. 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Qulity Managment Free Essays

Quality Management for Organizational Excellence Lecture/Presentation Notes By: Dr. David L. Goetsch and Stanley Davis Based on the book Quality Management for Organizational Excellence (7Th Edition) Presented By; Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Qulity Managment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rania A. M Shamah Associate Professor of Business Administration 1 One: The Total Quality Approach to Quality Management MAJOR TOPICS †¢ What is Quality? †¢ The Total Quality Approach Defined †¢ Two Views of Quality †¢ Key Elements of Total Quality †¢ Total Quality Pioneers †¢ Keys to Total Quality Success †¢ How is Six Sigma Achieved? †¢ The Future of Quality Management 2 One: The Total Quality Approach to Quality Management ? Quality has been defined in a number of ways. ? When viewed from a consumer’s perspective, it means meeting or exceeding customer expectations. ? Quality is a dynamic state associated with products, services, people, processes, and environments that meets or exceeds expectations. ? Total quality is an approach to doing business that attempts to maximize an organization’s competitiveness through the continual improvement of the quality of its ? products, services, people, processes, and environments. 3 The Consequences of Poor Quality Loss of business ? Productivity ? Costs Benefits of Good Quality ? Enhanced reputation for quality ? Ability to command higher prices ? Increased market share ? Greater customer loyalty ? Lower liability costs ? Fewer production or service problems ? Higher profits 4 Responsibility for Quality ? Everyone in the organization has some responsibility for quality, but certain areas of the organization are involved in activities that make them key areas of responsibility. ? Top management ? Design ? Procurement ? Production/operations ? Quality assurance ? Packaging and shipping ? Marketing and sales ? Customer service 5 Costs of Quality ? Failure Costs – costs incurred by defective parts/products or faulty services. †¢ Internal Failure Costs †¢ Costs incurred to fix problems that are detected before the product/service is delivered to the customer. †¢ External Failure Costs †¢ All costs incurred to fix problems that are detected after the product/service is delivered to the customer †¢ Appraisal Costs †¢ Costs of activities designed to ensure quality or uncover defects All TQ training, TQ planning, customer assessment, process control, and quality improvement costs to prevent defects from occurring Prevention Costs †¢ 6 Ethics and Quality ? Substandard work †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Defective products Substandard service Poor designs Shoddy workmanship Substandard parts and materials Having knowledge of this and failing to correct and report it in a timely manner is unethical. 7 Total Quality Management T Q M ? A philosophy t hat involves everyone in an organization in a continual effort to improve quality and achieve customer satisfaction. ? Total quality is not just one individual concept. ? It is a number of related concepts pulled together to create a comprehensive approach to doing business. Many people contributed in meaningful ways to the development of the various concepts that are known collectively as total quality TQM Approach 1. Find out what the customer wants 2. Design a product or service that meets or exceeds customer wants 3. Design processes that facilitate doing the job right the first time 4. Keep track of results 5. Extend these concepts throughout the supply chain 8 TQM Elements 1. Continuous improvement 2. Competitive benchmarking 3. Employee empowerment 4. Team approach 5. Decision based on fact, not opinion 6. Knowledge of tools 7. Supplier quality 8. Champion 9. Quality at the source 10. Suppliers are partners in the process 9 Continuous Improvement ? Continuous Improvement †¢ Philosophy that seeks to make never-ending improvements to the process of converting inputs into outputs †¢ Kaizen †¢ Japanese word for continuous improvement. Quality at the Source ? The philosophy of making each worker responsible for the quality of his or her work †¢ â€Å"Do it right† and â€Å"If it isn’t right, fix it† 10 The Total Quality Approach Defined Total Quality: What It Is and How It Is Achieved ? Key characteristics of the total quality approach are as follows: strategically based, customer focus, obsession with quality, scientific approach, long-term commitment, teamwork, employee involvement and empowerment, continual process improvement, Each element is explained on slides (12- 14) ? The rationale for total quality can be found in the need to compete in the global marketplace. ? Countries that are competing successfully in the global marketplace are seeing their quality of living improve. ? Those that cannot are seeing theirs decline. 11 The Total Quality Approach Defined Total Quality: What It Is and How It Is Achieved Key characteristics of the total quality approach are as follows: ? Strategically-based ? Total quality organizations have a comprehensive strategic plan that contains at least the following elements: vision, mission, broad objectives, and activities that must be completed to accomplish the broad objectives. ? The strategic plan for a total quality organization is designed to give it a sustainable competitive advantage in the marketplace. ? Customer Focus ? In a total quality setting, the customer is the driver. This applies to both internal and external customers. ? Obsession with Quality ? This means all personnel at all levels approach all aspects of the job from the perspective of â€Å"How can we do this better? † When an organization is obsessed with quality, good enough is never good enough. 12 The Total Quality Approach Defined Total Quality: What It Is and How It Is Achieved Key characteristics of the total quality appr oach are as follows: ? Scientific Approach ? While it is true that people skills, involvement, and empowerment are important in a total quality setting, they represent only a part of the equation. Another important part of the equation is the use of the scientific approach in structuring work and in decision making and problem solving that relates to the work. ? Long-Term Commitment ? Organizations that implement management innovations after attending short-term seminars often fail in their initial attempt to adopt the total quality approach. ? This is because they approach total quality as just another management innovation rather than as a whole new way of doing business that requires a whole new corporate culture. 13 The Total Quality Approach Defined Total Quality: What It Is and How It Is Achieved ? Teamwork ? Internal competition tends to use energy that should be focused on improving quality, and, in turn, external competitiveness. ? Continual Improvement of Systems ? In order to continually improve the quality of products or services: which is a fundamental goal in a total quality setting. ? It is necessary to continually improve systems. ? Continual Process Improvement ? Products are developed and services are delivered by people using processes within environments (systems). To continually improve the quality of products and services-which is a fundamental goal in a total quality setting- it is necessary to continually improve the processes that make up the organization’s systems. 14 Three-Legged Stool of Total Quality Measures ? Statistical process control ? Benchmarking ? Quality tools People ? Quality is built in ? Quality is expected not inspected ? Employees are empowered Processes ? Continual improvement ? â₠¬Å"Good enough† is never good enough 15 Perceived Quality Word of Mouth Personal Needs Expected Quality Past Experience Quality Dimensions ? ? ? ? ? Reliability Responsiveness Assurance Empathy Tangibles Quality Assessment 1. Expectations exceeded ESPS (Unacceptable Quality) 16 Perceived Quality Defining Quality Quality is Satisfactory.. Dimensions of Quality †¢ Reliability: The ability to Perform promised service dependably and accurately. †¢ Responsiveness: Willingness to help customers and to provide prompt service. †¢ Assurance: The knowledge and courtesy of employees as well as their ability to convey trust and confidence. †¢ Empathy: The provision of caring , individualized attention to customers. Ability to be approachable. †¢ Tangibles: The appearance of Physical facilities equipment, personnel, and ommunication materials.. 17 Quality Gap Model Customer Perceptions Managing the Evidence Communication GAP 4 Customer Satisfaction GAP 5 Customer Expectations Customer / Marketing Research GAP 1 Understanding the Customer Service Delivery Management Perceptions of Customer Expectations Design GAP 2 Conformance GAP 3 Conformance Service Standards Product De sign 18 Customer Satisfaction †¢ All customers want to be satisfied. †¢ Customer loyalty is only due to the lack of a better alternative †¢ Giving customers some extra value will delight them by exceeding their expectations and insure their return 19 How to cite Qulity Managment, Essay examples

Contractual Liability for Olley V Marlborough Court -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theContractual Liability for Olley V Marlborough Court. Answer: Issue: The issue in this case is that whether David can claim compensation for the damages to his car. Rule: Exclusion clause is considered to be significant term under the law of contract with the help of which one of the parties to the contract can escape liability. The essentials of exclusion clause are- The parties to a contract can only rely upon the existence of an exclusion clause only if such exclusion clause is consolidated into the contract (Cartwright 2016). However, it is important that the exclusion clause must be clear and free from encumbrances (Besley 2015). In some cases it may occur that the exclusion clause is depicted in a document which is not duly signed, for instance, it may be a ticket or a notice (Deakin et al. 2017). In this regard, the Court is at the authority to reject the enforcement of an exclusion clause, if it comes to its knowledge that the injured party was aware of the existence of the clause and was given reasonable notice (Kraakman and Hansmann 2017). The defendant can escape liability, if the exclusion clause contained in the form of a document (Roehrich and Lewis 2014). However, the nature of the document should be such so that it can be noticed by any reasonable man (Piccoli and De Witte 2015). It is essential to remind the other party regarding the presence of exclusion clause in the contract before binding in an agreement. In Olley V Marlborough Court [1949] 1 KB 532 it was observed that the contract was formed between the parties inside the hall room of the suite before the plaintiff could view the notice. Therefore, it was held by the Court that the notice was not included in the contract which formed between the parties. In order to escape liability, it is important that the exclusion clause should be clear from ambiguity (Kraakman and Hansmann 2017). The working of the clause should be mentioned in such a way so that the individual can rely upon it (Piccoli and De Witte 2015). In order to avoid liability the wordings of the language must be precise. It was observed in Thornton V Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 1 All ER 686 it was observed that the plaintiff drove his car into the car park which belonged to the defendant. Inside the car park, the plaintiff was handed a ticket by the automatic machine where the terms and conditions were depicted. The conditions were written in a very small print which would exclude them from the liability in case of injury to vehicles. It was held by the Court that the defendant cannot escape liability with the exclusion clause as it was not noticeable by the plaintiff. Similarly in Curtis V Chemical Cleaning Co [1951] 1 KB 805 it was observed that the plaintiff could not no tice the wordings of the receipt which was given to her by the cleaners. It was held by the Court that the cleaners cannot escape liability by depending upon the exclusion clause. Application: In the present scenario, it can be observed that when David drove into the car park, Jenny Pty Ltd where there was a large signboard which stated that the owners should keep their vehicles at their own risk and in case of damage, the owners of the car park shall not be held liable for any damage. However, the ticket which was handed to David before entering the car park contained certain provisions which David could not see. The exception of incorporation of contract can be applied in this case, because as soon as David entered into the car park and accepted the ticket, the contract was formed. In this regard, the case study of Olley V Marlborough Court [1949] 1 KB 532 can be applied in which it was observed that the contract was formed in the hall room before the plaintiff could enter into the room. However, in this case the defendant could not escape liability as the plaintiff was not aware of the contract incorporated in the notice. Similarly, in the present scenario, it can be st ated that the owners of the car park cannot escape liability as David was not aware of the contract incorporated when receiving the receipt. The case of Thornton V Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 1 All ER 686 and Curtis V Chemical Cleaning Co [1951] 1 KB 805 can be refereed in this case. It is evident that David upon receiving the receipt could not see the wordings contained in it. Therefore, the owners of the car park are at the responsibility to include the exclusion clause in such a way so that it can be noticed by any reasonable person. Conclusion: In the conclusion it can be stated that David is at the authority to sue the owner of the car parking station and therefore can claim compensation for the damage caused to his vehicle. Issue: The issue in this case is that whether David has to pay the full amount. Rule: In the law of contract, consideration is an important term. The term consideration is used in a contract when there is a promise to pay an amount in return of supply of goods and services (Masten and Prfer 2014). In this regard, it is worth stating that without the existence of a valid consideration, the promise made by the either party has no existence (Hoeppner Freund and Depoorter 2017). In Hartley v Ponsonby (1857 ) 119 ER 1471, QB it was observed that he captain has promised to pay an extra amount to his crew however; half of them did not receive the extra amount. Therefore, it was held by the Court that the captain shall be liable for the breach of promise. In Dunlop v Selfridge (1915) AC 847 the term consideration was defined in a different manner. Here, it was held by the Court that, the existence of consideration in a contract creates benefit for one party and the detriment or loss is suffered by the other party. It is noteworthy to mention here that every consideration requ ires the existence of a present or future exchange (Decarolis 2014). The presence of a mere wish does not bind the parties to a contract; in order to bind the parties there must be a presence of reasonable consideration which was held in Thomas v Thomas(1842) 2 QB 851; 114 ER 330. However, it is important that the nature of the promise must be more than a reasonable duty which was observed in Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1989] EWCA Civ 5. Consideration can be divided into two types- Executory consideration: A consideration can be regarded as executory when there is a transfer of promises between the parties regarding the performance of a specific act (Alschner 2014). For instance, if there is a promise on the part of A to deliver certain goods to B, where as B promises that he shall pay on delivery. If A delivers the goods on time however; B denies to pay the amount, therefore the consideration on the part of A is executed however; A is at the authority to sue B for breach of contract. Executed consideration: When a promise is made by one of the parties in exchange for an act by the other party. Upon completion of the act, the consideration is termed to be executed. The consideration must not be based upon a past promise. In this regard, it can be mentioned that consideration made in the past is not a good consideration. Past consideration in a contract is declared to be void and therefore parties cannot rely upon it to sue for breach of contract (Masten and Prfer 2014). However, in case of business transactions, it is evident that both the parties has agreed to a reasonable consideration and has paid for the same in the past. Therefore such past considerations in business situations will be valid which was observed in Re Caseys Patents [1892] 1 Ch 104. Application: In the present scenario, it is evident that Emily has already promised David that she would reduce the price of the chairs to an amount of $200/month. However, the amount depicted in the invoice was $300/month. In this regard, it can be noted that there was a promise on the part of Emily and such promise was governed by a consideration. The case study of Hartley v Ponsonby (1857 ) 119 ER 1471, QB can be applied because it can be observed that Emily has breached her promise and therefore David is at the authority to sue her for breach of promise. The case Dunlop v Selfridge (1915) AC 847 can be referred here because due to the presence of consideration in the said promise, David would have been benefitted while Emily would suffer detriment or loss. The case of Thomas v Thomas(1842) 2 QB 851; 114 ER 330 can be referred in this case because the promise which existed between David and Emily was not a mere wish, the promise was supported by a consideration. The case of Williams v Roffey B ros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1989] EWCA Civ 5 can be referred because, the nature of the promise which existed between David and Emily can be considered to be more than a reasonable duty. The exception of executory consideration can be applied in this case. It can be observed that there was a promise from the end of Emily to reduce the price of chairs to $200/month. Therefore, based on her promise David was expecting to pay the reduced amount. Therefore, the consideration on the part of Emily was not executed and therefore David can sue her for breach of promise. The exception of executed consideration can be applied here which states that parties should not rely upon a past consideration. However, in case of business situations which existed between David and Emily, past consideration can be said to be valid. Conclusion: It can be finally concluded that David is not liable to pay the full amount. Issue: The issue in this case is whether Master Arts can terminate the contract and Laura can take any action against them. Rule: Termination of contract is a significant essence of contract which takes place when the parties to the contract and not anymore bounded by the contractual obligations. Therefore, termination of contract can take place by- By an agreement between the parties. By breach of contract. The inability to perform by the parties. By performance. Termination can be caused by breach of contract when one of the parties to the contract fails to deliver the contractual liabilities promised during the course of contract. An anticipatory breach of contract may occur when there is an intention on the part of the part of the party either express or implied to terminate the contract (Deakin et al. 2017). In this regard, the parties consider themselves that they are no longer bound by the conditions of the contract. Therefore, the innocent party is at the authority to sue for damages for the termination of contract as a result of breach on the part of other party. The injured party may also accept such repudiation and terminate the contract which was observed in Confetti Records V Warner Music Uk (2003). Contract can also be terminated when the performance on the part of the parties are partial (Besley 2015). A contract is discharged when the performance is complete however; it can be terminated where the performance is not completed on the part of the parties. A contract can also be terminated when the parties are prevented from performing their duties which was held in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists(Southern)Ltd[1953] EWCA Civ 6. However, there must be a presence of an unforeseeable force which prevents the parties from performing the obligations of the contract. In case of termination of contract, there injured party is at the authority to take legal actions against the party who has breached the contract. In some cases, the parties not perform according to the terms and conditions of the contract which results into termination of contract. In this context, the injured party is at the authority to bring claim for damages which was observed in Pickfords Ltd v Celestica Ltd [2003] All ER (D) 265 (Nov). Application: In the present scenario, it can be observed that there was a contract between Laura and the Master Art to create three sculptures for Master Art every year. However, it was observed that at the end of the year only two sculptures was created by Laura. In this regard, the principle of termination of contract can be applied. In this context, the essentials of termination can be applied which is termination by breach of contract. It can be observed that the Laura did not perform the obligations of the contract. Laura was required as a part of the contract to create three sculptures at the end of every year which she failed to do. Therefore, Master Arts is at the authority to sue Laura for breach of contract and can terminate the contract. Therefore the ground of inability to perform can be applied as Laura failed to perform the requirements of the contract. Therefore, in this scenario, the cases study of Confetti Records V Warner Music Uk (2003) can be referred and hence Masters Act can repudiate the contract and thereby terminate the contract. The case law of Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] EWCA Civ 6 can be referred because in the present scenario, Laura has not discharged her duties in relation to the contract. Therefore Master Arts can terminate the contract any time on the ground of non-performance. The case references of Pickfords Ltd v Celestica Ltd [2003] All ER (D) 265 (Nov) can be applied to the present scenario because the injured party Master Arts has the authority to take legal actions for the loss incurred. Therefore, it can either terminate the contract or sue Laura for breach of contract. Conclusion: It can be finally concluded that Master Arts is at the authority to terminate the contract however; Laura does not have the authority to proceed with any legal actions against them. References: Cases: Confetti Records V Warner Music Uk (2003). Curtis V Chemical Cleaning Co [1951] 1 KB 805. Dunlop v Selfridge (1915) AC 847. Hartley v Ponsonby (1857 ) 119 ER 1471, QB. Olley V Marlborough Court [1949] 1 KB 532. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] EWCA Civ 6. Pickfords Ltd v Celestica Ltd [2003] All ER (D) 265 (Nov). Thomas v Thomas (1842) 2 QB 851; 114 ER 330. Thornton V Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 1 All ER 686. Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1989] EWCA Civ 5. Journals: Alschner, W., 2014. Regionalism and overlap in investment treaty law: Towards consolidation or contradiction?.Journal of International Economic Law,17(2), pp.271-298. Besley, T., 2015. 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