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The Bargaining Power of Supplier of Mcdonalds free essay sample

McDonalds Supply Chain Challenges and its Potential effects 14 Even more grounded center around newness and quality 14 On-going item advancements 15 Strong client request vacillations dependent on advancements 16 Order-and stock administration eatery †DC †provider crude material provider 18 Bull Whip impact 19 Change Management in a de-incorporated structure 20 Methods for Solve Problems 20 Build the quality administered framework 20 Build the definite Ramp;amp;D process 22 Improve the degree of advertising advancement and gauge 23 Build the immediate flexibly framework 25 Build the decentralized structure 26 Recommendation 27 Conclusion 28 References 29 Presentation In this report, our group decides to dig into the accomplishment of the worldwide organization McDonalds. McDonalds is one of the most notable brands on the planet. The target of this report is to see how flexibly chain the executives applied into genuine business in McDonalds. We will through the issues basically investigation flexibly chain in McDonalds and its centrality, all things considered, and furthermore will clarify the effective explanation of McDonalds how to utilize gracefully chain in their business. We will compose a custom paper test on The Bargaining Power of Supplier of Mcdonalds or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page McDonalds are a worldwide firm and their auxiliary organization all through everywhere throughout the world, so McDonalds ought to have an ideal flexibly chain. McDonalds Background McDonalds is one of just a bunch of brands that order moment acknowledgment in essentially every nation on the planet. McDonalds is the universes biggest chain of drive-thru eateries, serving about 47 million clients visiting it for each day through in excess of 31,000 cafés in 119 nations around the world. McDonalds sells different inexpensive food things and soda pops including burgers, cheeseburgers, chicken items, servings of mixed greens, fries, breakfast things and frozen yogurt sweets. Numerous McDonalds cafés have incorporated a play area for youngsters and promoting intended for to kids. Organization has extension of McDonalds into numerous universal markets; the organization has become an image of globalization and the spread of the American lifestyle. It likewise extended the McDonalds menu in ongoing decades to incorporate elective supper choices like servings of mixed greens and tidbit encloses by request to benefit from developing customer enthusiasm for wellbeing and health. Each McDonalds cafés is worked by a franchisee, a member or the enterprise itself. The companies incomes originate from the lease, sovereignties and expenses paid by the franchisees, just as deals in organization worked cafés. McDonalds Strategy McDonalds showcasing methodology is worried about the interior assets, outside condition and its essential skills alongside its investors. McDonalds methodology to build up its worldwide workforce is intended to be lined up with and bolster the execution of its larger vital business objective, which is amp;amp;quot;to become everyones most loved spot and approach to eatamp;amp;quot;. McDonalds current methodology is to additionally advance the picture of solid food that can be found at amp;amp;quot;New or Re-displayed McDonalds. amp;amp;quot; McDonalds new methodology of introducing its eateries as the helpful spot where solid food can be found is in accordance with its ongoing endeavors to make a more advantageous picture for itself. The organization is arranging other menu changes, for example, changing to a cinnamon roll and a frankfurter burrito as its center breakfast offering, while bagels would turn into an elective thing. Some chain that people amp;amp;quot ;confront an eventual fate of quickening McDonaldization. amp;amp;quot; These progressions are a piece of its procedure to offer a scope of decisions that help a reasonable way of life, in this way to draw in new customers and hold old ones. McDonalds Business Process Supply chain business process combination includes communitarian work among purchasers and providers, joint item improvement, basic frameworks and shared data. As per Lambert and Cooper working an incorporated flexibly chain requires consistent data streams, which thus help to accomplish the best item streams. Nonetheless, in numerous organizations, the board has arrived at the resolution that enhancing the item streams can't be cultivated without executing a procedure way to deal with the business. The key basic flexibly business forms in McDonalds will brush following procedures: Customer administration the executives Customer relationship the board concerns the connection between the association and its clients. Client care gives the wellspring of client data. It likewise gives the client constant data on promising dates and item accessibility through interfaces with the McDonalds companys creation and dissemination tasks. Acquirement process Strategic plans are created with providers to help the assembling low administration procedure and advancement of new items. In firms where tasks expand internationally, as McDonalds it sourcing ought to be overseen on a worldwide premise. Exercises identified with acquiring items and materials from outside providers requires performing asset arranging, flexibly sourcing, arrangement, request position, inbound transportation, stockpiling, taking care of and quality affirmation, a significant number of which remember the obligation to fac ilitate with providers for booking, gracefully progression, supporting, and investigation into new sources or projects. Item advancement and commercialization Here, clients and providers must be joined into the item improvement process, along these lines to diminish time to advertise. The fitting items must be created and effectively propelled in ever shorter time-timetables to stay serious. Assembling stream the board procedure The assembling procedure is created and supplies items to the dispersion channels dependent on past estimates. Assembling forms must be adaptable to react to advertise changes, and should suit mass customization. Requests are forms working on a without a moment to spare (JIT) premise in least part estimates. It additionally changes in the assembling stream process lead to shorter process durations, which means improved responsiveness and proficiency of interest to clients. Physical appropriation This worries developments of a completed items or administration to clients. In physical appropriation, the client is the last goal of a showcasing channel, and the accessibility of the item or administration is an imperative piece of each channel members promoting exertion. It is likewise through the physical appropriation process that the existence of client assistance become a fundamental piece of advertising, subsequently it will connect a showcasing channel with its clients. For instance, joins producers, wholesalers and retailers. Redistributing/organizations This isn't simply re-appropriating the acquirement of materials and parts, yet it additionally re-appropriating of administrations that generally have been given in-house. Oversee and control accomplices and providers require a mix of both focal and nearby inclusion. Subsequently, key choices should be taken entrally with the observing and control of provider execution and everyday contact with coordinations accomplices being best overseen at nearby level. Execution estimation Experts found a solid relationship from the biggest bends of provider and client joining to piece of the overall industry and gainfulness. By exploiting provider abilities and accentuating a drawn out flexibly chain poin t of view in client connections can be both corresponded with firm execution. Flexibly Chain Supply chain is one of the basic elements for the smooth working of any business. Flexibly chains frequently show where distinctive item parts are sourced. There are two key segments to the cheap food industry flexibly chain. From one perspective, crude materials are fundamental to a definitive item. All the more critically, however, the worth included segment of the gracefully chain comes principally from the administrations gave by speedy, helpful, and quality foundations. The worth added from the provider to maker directly through to the retailer and the last client. The most significant part of the business flexibly chain is that it is driven by the purchaser. The purchaser has what is by all accounts an interminable measure of cheap food chains to browse each day. The best model is Burger King and McDonalds they all have magnificent showcasing offices and that is the reason they are all on the ascent in todays advertise. The fundamental objective of their advertising is to make the shopper drive that additional two squares past the contender to eat at their chain. McDonalds Supply Chain McDonalds knew that flexibly chain the board was without a doubt the most significant factor for funning its eateries effectively. McDonalds gracefully chain is broad and complex. Its exceptionally effective, which is the reason McDonalds can reliably offer their clients sheltered and quality food at a moderate cost. Be that as it may, theres more to the condition. McDonalds flexibly bind contributes decidedly to the wellbeing, quality, and accessibility of their last items. They additionally need their item fixings to be delivered in manners that can contribute emphatically to the advancement of economical agrarian and food producing rehearses. McDonalds have an enormous umber of direct providers organizations that make or convey last items for their cafés even McDonalds have bigger number of circuitous providers organizations and ranches that develop or process the fixings that are in the long run conveyed to their immediate providers. (Figure1. 1) Figure1. 1 Supplier execution record Import Breath of gracefully process control hardware No immediate command over issues, constructive impact by bringing up issu es, carry individuals to the table and empowering improvement the McDonalds flexibly chain. A gracefully chain driven by retail location date needs an agreement estimate

The 2017-18 University of Chicago Supplemental Essays are Here! - College Essay Advisors Admissions Essay Experts

The 2017-18 University of Chicago Supplemental Essays are Here! - College Essay Advisors Admissions Essay Experts The 2017-18 University of Chicago Supplemental Essays are Here! The 2017-18 University of Chicago Supplemental Essays are Here! To all of the incredibly ambitious and creatively inclined students out there, the time has come. The 2017-18 U Chicago essay prompts are here. And, as always, they’re totally bizarre, challenging to the core, and, if you’re essay nerds like us, an endless supply of inspiration and entertainment. How will you make the most of this opportunity to let your personality shine through (and your freak flag fly?) for admissions? Start by reviewing this year’s essay prompts! Question 1 (Required): How does the University of Chicago, as you know it now, satisfy your desire for a particular kind of learning, community, and future? Please address with some specificity your own wishes and how they relate to UChicago. Question 2 (Optional): Share with us a few of your favorite books, poems, authors, films, plays, pieces of music, musicians, performers, paintings, artists, blogs, magazines, or newspapers. Feel free to touch on one, some, or all of the categories listed, or add a category of your own. Extended Essay Questions: (Required; Choose one) Essay Option 1. “The aim of argument, or of discussion, should not be victory, but progress.” â€" Joseph Joubert Sometimes, people talk a lot about popular subjects to assure ‘victory’ in conversation or understanding, and leave behind topics of less popularity, but great personal or intellectual importance. What do you think is important but under-discussed? -Anonymous Suggestion Essay Option 2. Due to a series of clerical errors, there is exactly one typo (an extra letter, a removed letter, or an altered letter) in the name of every department at the University of Chicago. Oops! Describe your new intended major. Why are you interested in it and what courses or areas of focus within it might you want to explore? Potential options include Commuter Science, Bromance Languages and Literatures, Pundamentals: Issues and Texts, Ant History a full list of unmodified majors ready for your editor’s eye is available here: https://collegeadmissions.uchicago.edu/academics/majors-minors. -Inspired by Josh Kaufman, Class of 2018 Essay Option 3. Earth. Fire. Wind. Water. Heart! Captain Planet supposes that the world is made up of these five elements. We’re familiar with the previously-noted set and with actual elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon, but select and explain another small group of things (say, under five) that you believe compose our world. -Inspired by Dani Plung, Class of 2017 Essay Option 4. The late New York Times photographer Bill Cunningham once said Fashion is the armor to survive the reality of everyday life. I don’t think you could do away with it. It would be like doing away with civilization. Tell us about your “armor.” -Inspired by Adam Berger, Class of 2020 Essay Option 5. Fans of the movie Sharknado say that they enjoy it because “it’s so bad, it’s good.” Certain automobile owners prefer classic cars because they “have more character.” And recently, vinyl record sales have skyrocketed because it is perceived that they have a warmer, fuller sound. Discuss something that you love not in spite of but rather due to its quirks or imperfections. -Inspired by Alex Serbanescu, Class of 2021 Essay Option 6. In the spirit of adventurous inquiry, pose your own question or choose one of our past prompts. Be original, creative, thought provoking. Draw on your best qualities as a writer, thinker, visionary, social critic, sage, citizen of the world, or future citizen of the University of Chicago; take a little risk, and have fun. So pick your prompts and sharpen your pencils, dear applicants. It’s time to write! About CEA HQView all posts by CEA HQ » Interested in applying to Yale? The 2017-18 Supplements are out! READ THEM HERE »

Essay on Zeus

Introduction: The Odysseys is a historic writing attributed to Homer in other words it is a Greek mythology. Through it were experience the life of one (Zeus) who is associated to the Greek culture recognize themselves with him and some of his deeds as Heroic to them. The Odysseys is like a mythological collection of the Greeks belief or the reason why they posses some practices in their daily lifestyle so is the Zeus and his portraits or statues in the current Greek state. To understand him all discuss him relying on the questions as my guidelines. What does he look like? In art Zeus was represented as a bearded, dignified, and mature man of stalwart build; his most prominent symbols were the thunderbolt and the eagle. In most of his appearances in writings or his image portraits, usually represented as an older, vigorous bearded man. But representations of Zeus as a powerful young man also exist. Zeus was a god identical to the roman God Jupiter. The derivatives of his name comes from, the sky god Dyaus of the ancient Hindu Rigveda. How he looked like was mostly derived from what he used to do, in other words the responsibilities that he used to have. E.g. Lord of the Sky, Rain-God, Cloud-Gatherer, And Zeus of the Thunderbolt. What are his basic personality traits or temperament? Zeus was involved in a number of things that summed up his personality, from his deeds some personal traits were derived such as a highly powerful, strong, charming, persuasive person. Â  His powerfulness is seen when he was a young adult and was able to face his father in a battle field and overthrow his rule. This also carries his attribute of being stronger in that if at all he wasn’t he couldn’t have dared the battle against his father. His persuasive personality comes in his erotic escapades to lure either mortal and immortal women or the devious means to seduce the unsuspecting maidens resulting in the fathering of many mortals. What is his role in the story? Zeus can be said to be the ultimate savior of the mortals and immortals. The story talks about how the mother (Rhea) tricked Cronus the father and saved his life from the wrath of the father who was out to outdo a prophesy. This Rhea achieved by giving the father stone wrapped in a cloth instead of the Child Zeus. His main role is first experienced when he succeeds in regurgitating the father to vomit the five children he had previously swallowed who turn out to be Zeus brothers and sisters. After which he (Zeus) led the revolt against his father together with his brothers who were filled with the fury of being swallowed for all those years in overthrowing the father. What does the character want? Zeus main aim of overthrowing the father was to revenge on the death of his brothers and sisters. That is after the ordeal that the father killed the brothers and sisters with an aim of trying to block the fulfillment of a prophesy that was to come. And also Zeus, with the tricks of the mother, working under the father for a short period of time without knowledge of the father knowing his own son, is appointed the chief judge and peacemaker, but most importantly civic god. He brought peace in place of violence, His duties in this role were to maintain the laws, protect suppliants, to summon festivals and to give prophecies as the supreme deity Zeus oversaw the conduct of civilized life, and hence he was also driven by this to overthrow the father. In other words what he wants is to gain control of the universe. What objectives do they pursue? They were Gods hence a reflection of their personality is portrayed when they gang up together to fight up the titans and Cronus their father to wrest control of the universe.( Zeus and his brothers Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades and Poseidon). And they achieved their objective in the end by at long last having him and his brothers Poseidon and Hades divided up creation. Poseidon received the sea as his domain, Hades got the Underworld and Zeus took the sky. Zeus also was accorded supreme authority on earth and on Mount Olympus. How are they a reflection of their personality? Zeus and the brothers were gods and they exuded this when the regained their rightful positions after deposition of their father Cronus. How do they get what they want? Achieving their control of the universe at large did not only means revenging against the father only but also through conquering the mortals and gaining confidence over them and the achieved this by facing them in the battle field in the clash of the titans. What does he do when he is faced with problems? Later Zeus faces a problem of what the father also faced. That is a dilemma of a prophesy that one of His sons will overthrow him, and the similarity is seen when he repeats the mistake the father did, by starting to kill his sons by swallowing them. Unfortunately he is faced with the same consequences the father underwent when he took the option of killing the children as an option of trying to evade the wrath set forth by a prophesy. What do other characters say about him? What others have always emulated in him was lost, in other words they were brothers and they told him the reality of facing the same wrath their father underwent. What is his status? Zeus saw the fall of his father and went ahead and did a repetition of the same, hence he is bound to see some change as an immortal being in that what he thought will have to change, in other words his position as the supreme authority on earth and on Mount Olympus will change. How does he reflect his status? When it pounced on him that his status had indeed changed that is after his own fall he regretted doing what he had done, he did understand that pride comes before a fall. What is expected of him? As a ruler he had exuded himself to be, he was expected of him to admit his mistakes. What does he represent and why did the Greeks remember him? Through Zeus the Greeks believe that he was responsible from all his children he gave man all he needed to live life in an ordered and moral way. To the Greek people he truly represents the origin of Greek culture. And they remember him with all the arts, sculptures, preserving his temple known as the ‘temple of Zeus’, which held the gold and ivory statue of the enthroned Zeus, sculpted by Phidias and hailed as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Including the Olympic Games were played in his honor.

Pollution of Drinking Water Supplies Essays - 803 Words

It is widely known that water covers almost three-quarters of the Earths surface. However, it is not widely known that more than 99 percent of Earths water is unusable by humans and many other living things. Less than one percent of water which supports most of the forms of life we are familiar with. Unfortunately, that one percent of fresh water becomes more polluted every year. The pollutants that fill our waterways each year are largely unknown. Water pollution comes from a number of unique sources, such as industrial waste, urban storm-water, agricultural runoff, various household chemicals and even nuclear waste. Combining these points of pollution with the increase in global population results in a continuously decreasing†¦show more content†¦This rapid pumping has created huge sinkholes on the land surface in some areas. Overpumping in coastal areas like Florida has caused the water table to drop below sea level and has contaminated the freshwater with salty ocean water. Overpumping of rivers for agricultural and personal use has caused some rivers like the Colorado to dry up before it reaches the ocean. This not only harms the ecosystems found around the rivers, but also prevents essential nutrients from rivers from entering the ocean, depriving fisheries of food and in turn hurting the oceans food chain. The end result of this is a loss in biodiversity and interruption in the food chain. Irrigation of land with water from these rivers leaves the soil full of salts, resulting in the land being unable to produce as much as it would have. In 1972, Congress enacted the Clean Water Act to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nations waters. One goal of the Act is to ensure all our sources of water are clean enough to drink and swim in. To date, roughly 65% of our waters meet this goal. Although Congress has enacted a number of public health programs to stabilize the problem, there is still much work that needs to be done. One point of control the Clean Water Act established involved a federal and state partnership to control the discharges from large industrial sourcesShow MoreRelatedThe Factors Affecting Safe Drinking-Water (Planning and Essay Basic)1485 Words   |  6 Pagesaffecting safe drinking water: Describe and explain the different factors effecting access to safe drinking water. (10 marks) Planning and Notes: * From 1996 – 2006 +/- 1.56 billion people gained access to improved drinking-water sources. * Today 87% people drink from improved water sources compared to 77% in 1990. Physical factors that affect safe drinking water: * Amount of precipitation * Seasonal distribution of precipitation * Physical ability of the surface area to store water E.g. EthiopiaRead MoreGroundwater Pollution and Drinking Water Scarcity Essay example1111 Words   |  5 PagesWe have the ability to provide clean water for every man, woman and child on the Earth. What has been lacking is the collective will to accomplish this. This is the commitment we need to make to the world. Jean-Michel Cousteau The Issue: Recently, the issue of drinking water quality has become a matter of great importance. Hydrogeologists and water resource managers have realized that the increased demand for drinking water, due to population growth, has placed a huge burden on ourRead MoreDrinking Water Shortage and Water Pollution Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesThe world’s drinking water supply is one of these without concern, without attention, without preventative maintenance and reclamation and if nothing is done about it, the worlds drinking water supply will not be able to support the needs of the future. Everyone needs to learn how to better manage and conserve the drinking water readily available to them because our traditional drinking water supplies such as: lakes, streams, and rivers are at risk. This is why water pollution preventionRead MoreWater Pollution and Water Scarcity Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pages Water is essential for humans and organisms to live â€Å"Drinking water, â€Å"2008). Water covers most of the world and makes up more of the world than land. Water comes from different sources. Water may surround us but there are still shortages. Water allows us to live but it could be harmful to our bodies when polluted. Humans and natural disasters can cause damage to the water supply It is important to conserve water whenever possible (â€Å"Drinking Water, â€Å"2008). 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Many of today’s water ecosystems and drinking water are being polluted and destroyed as we speak. There are many types of water ecosystems such as oceans, rivers, lakes, and ponds witch provide homes to many different organisms. There are overwhelming factors that contribute to the problems of water pollution such as sewage, radioactive wastes, improper disposal of trash on land, and careless beachgoers. These are all significantRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1408 Words   |  6 Pages Water pollution is caused by impurities in water eg, lakes,rivers, oceans and even drinking water. This contaminated water ca n be the result of many different types of pollution whether it is natural or man made pollutants that pollute the water. This can have a significant impact on the environment as a whole. Moreover there are a number of other related issues that can be attributed to water pollution such as death and diseases. Water pollution actually accounts for the deaths of approximatelyRead MoreCities And Cities Developing Countries Are Under Environmental Stress834 Words   |  4 Pagesamenities to the citizen such as adequate drinking water and sanitation facilities. The water supply and sanitation systems in these cities are typically characterized by following issues: †¢ Raw water is transported from distant source as existing sources are exhausted or polluted. Energy use in raw water transport is rising. †¢ More treatment steps are required and more chemicals are used to produce potable water from polluted sources. †¢ Surface water source such as a river is exploited to such

Qulity Managment Free Essays

Quality Management for Organizational Excellence Lecture/Presentation Notes By: Dr. David L. Goetsch and Stanley Davis Based on the book Quality Management for Organizational Excellence (7Th Edition) Presented By; Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Qulity Managment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rania A. M Shamah Associate Professor of Business Administration 1 One: The Total Quality Approach to Quality Management MAJOR TOPICS †¢ What is Quality? †¢ The Total Quality Approach Defined †¢ Two Views of Quality †¢ Key Elements of Total Quality †¢ Total Quality Pioneers †¢ Keys to Total Quality Success †¢ How is Six Sigma Achieved? †¢ The Future of Quality Management 2 One: The Total Quality Approach to Quality Management ? Quality has been defined in a number of ways. ? When viewed from a consumer’s perspective, it means meeting or exceeding customer expectations. ? Quality is a dynamic state associated with products, services, people, processes, and environments that meets or exceeds expectations. ? Total quality is an approach to doing business that attempts to maximize an organization’s competitiveness through the continual improvement of the quality of its ? products, services, people, processes, and environments. 3 The Consequences of Poor Quality Loss of business ? Productivity ? Costs Benefits of Good Quality ? Enhanced reputation for quality ? Ability to command higher prices ? Increased market share ? Greater customer loyalty ? Lower liability costs ? Fewer production or service problems ? Higher profits 4 Responsibility for Quality ? Everyone in the organization has some responsibility for quality, but certain areas of the organization are involved in activities that make them key areas of responsibility. ? Top management ? Design ? Procurement ? Production/operations ? Quality assurance ? Packaging and shipping ? Marketing and sales ? Customer service 5 Costs of Quality ? Failure Costs – costs incurred by defective parts/products or faulty services. †¢ Internal Failure Costs †¢ Costs incurred to fix problems that are detected before the product/service is delivered to the customer. †¢ External Failure Costs †¢ All costs incurred to fix problems that are detected after the product/service is delivered to the customer †¢ Appraisal Costs †¢ Costs of activities designed to ensure quality or uncover defects All TQ training, TQ planning, customer assessment, process control, and quality improvement costs to prevent defects from occurring Prevention Costs †¢ 6 Ethics and Quality ? Substandard work †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Defective products Substandard service Poor designs Shoddy workmanship Substandard parts and materials Having knowledge of this and failing to correct and report it in a timely manner is unethical. 7 Total Quality Management T Q M ? A philosophy t hat involves everyone in an organization in a continual effort to improve quality and achieve customer satisfaction. ? Total quality is not just one individual concept. ? It is a number of related concepts pulled together to create a comprehensive approach to doing business. Many people contributed in meaningful ways to the development of the various concepts that are known collectively as total quality TQM Approach 1. Find out what the customer wants 2. Design a product or service that meets or exceeds customer wants 3. Design processes that facilitate doing the job right the first time 4. Keep track of results 5. Extend these concepts throughout the supply chain 8 TQM Elements 1. Continuous improvement 2. Competitive benchmarking 3. Employee empowerment 4. Team approach 5. Decision based on fact, not opinion 6. Knowledge of tools 7. Supplier quality 8. Champion 9. Quality at the source 10. Suppliers are partners in the process 9 Continuous Improvement ? Continuous Improvement †¢ Philosophy that seeks to make never-ending improvements to the process of converting inputs into outputs †¢ Kaizen †¢ Japanese word for continuous improvement. Quality at the Source ? The philosophy of making each worker responsible for the quality of his or her work †¢ â€Å"Do it right† and â€Å"If it isn’t right, fix it† 10 The Total Quality Approach Defined Total Quality: What It Is and How It Is Achieved ? Key characteristics of the total quality approach are as follows: strategically based, customer focus, obsession with quality, scientific approach, long-term commitment, teamwork, employee involvement and empowerment, continual process improvement, Each element is explained on slides (12- 14) ? The rationale for total quality can be found in the need to compete in the global marketplace. ? Countries that are competing successfully in the global marketplace are seeing their quality of living improve. ? Those that cannot are seeing theirs decline. 11 The Total Quality Approach Defined Total Quality: What It Is and How It Is Achieved Key characteristics of the total quality approach are as follows: ? Strategically-based ? Total quality organizations have a comprehensive strategic plan that contains at least the following elements: vision, mission, broad objectives, and activities that must be completed to accomplish the broad objectives. ? The strategic plan for a total quality organization is designed to give it a sustainable competitive advantage in the marketplace. ? Customer Focus ? In a total quality setting, the customer is the driver. This applies to both internal and external customers. ? Obsession with Quality ? This means all personnel at all levels approach all aspects of the job from the perspective of â€Å"How can we do this better? † When an organization is obsessed with quality, good enough is never good enough. 12 The Total Quality Approach Defined Total Quality: What It Is and How It Is Achieved Key characteristics of the total quality appr oach are as follows: ? Scientific Approach ? While it is true that people skills, involvement, and empowerment are important in a total quality setting, they represent only a part of the equation. Another important part of the equation is the use of the scientific approach in structuring work and in decision making and problem solving that relates to the work. ? Long-Term Commitment ? Organizations that implement management innovations after attending short-term seminars often fail in their initial attempt to adopt the total quality approach. ? This is because they approach total quality as just another management innovation rather than as a whole new way of doing business that requires a whole new corporate culture. 13 The Total Quality Approach Defined Total Quality: What It Is and How It Is Achieved ? Teamwork ? Internal competition tends to use energy that should be focused on improving quality, and, in turn, external competitiveness. ? Continual Improvement of Systems ? In order to continually improve the quality of products or services: which is a fundamental goal in a total quality setting. ? It is necessary to continually improve systems. ? Continual Process Improvement ? Products are developed and services are delivered by people using processes within environments (systems). To continually improve the quality of products and services-which is a fundamental goal in a total quality setting- it is necessary to continually improve the processes that make up the organization’s systems. 14 Three-Legged Stool of Total Quality Measures ? Statistical process control ? Benchmarking ? Quality tools People ? Quality is built in ? Quality is expected not inspected ? Employees are empowered Processes ? Continual improvement ? â₠¬Å"Good enough† is never good enough 15 Perceived Quality Word of Mouth Personal Needs Expected Quality Past Experience Quality Dimensions ? ? ? ? ? Reliability Responsiveness Assurance Empathy Tangibles Quality Assessment 1. Expectations exceeded ESPS (Unacceptable Quality) 16 Perceived Quality Defining Quality Quality is Satisfactory.. Dimensions of Quality †¢ Reliability: The ability to Perform promised service dependably and accurately. †¢ Responsiveness: Willingness to help customers and to provide prompt service. †¢ Assurance: The knowledge and courtesy of employees as well as their ability to convey trust and confidence. †¢ Empathy: The provision of caring , individualized attention to customers. Ability to be approachable. †¢ Tangibles: The appearance of Physical facilities equipment, personnel, and ommunication materials.. 17 Quality Gap Model Customer Perceptions Managing the Evidence Communication GAP 4 Customer Satisfaction GAP 5 Customer Expectations Customer / Marketing Research GAP 1 Understanding the Customer Service Delivery Management Perceptions of Customer Expectations Design GAP 2 Conformance GAP 3 Conformance Service Standards Product De sign 18 Customer Satisfaction †¢ All customers want to be satisfied. †¢ Customer loyalty is only due to the lack of a better alternative †¢ Giving customers some extra value will delight them by exceeding their expectations and insure their return 19 How to cite Qulity Managment, Essay examples

Contractual Liability for Olley V Marlborough Court -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theContractual Liability for Olley V Marlborough Court. Answer: Issue: The issue in this case is that whether David can claim compensation for the damages to his car. Rule: Exclusion clause is considered to be significant term under the law of contract with the help of which one of the parties to the contract can escape liability. The essentials of exclusion clause are- The parties to a contract can only rely upon the existence of an exclusion clause only if such exclusion clause is consolidated into the contract (Cartwright 2016). However, it is important that the exclusion clause must be clear and free from encumbrances (Besley 2015). In some cases it may occur that the exclusion clause is depicted in a document which is not duly signed, for instance, it may be a ticket or a notice (Deakin et al. 2017). In this regard, the Court is at the authority to reject the enforcement of an exclusion clause, if it comes to its knowledge that the injured party was aware of the existence of the clause and was given reasonable notice (Kraakman and Hansmann 2017). The defendant can escape liability, if the exclusion clause contained in the form of a document (Roehrich and Lewis 2014). However, the nature of the document should be such so that it can be noticed by any reasonable man (Piccoli and De Witte 2015). It is essential to remind the other party regarding the presence of exclusion clause in the contract before binding in an agreement. In Olley V Marlborough Court [1949] 1 KB 532 it was observed that the contract was formed between the parties inside the hall room of the suite before the plaintiff could view the notice. Therefore, it was held by the Court that the notice was not included in the contract which formed between the parties. In order to escape liability, it is important that the exclusion clause should be clear from ambiguity (Kraakman and Hansmann 2017). The working of the clause should be mentioned in such a way so that the individual can rely upon it (Piccoli and De Witte 2015). In order to avoid liability the wordings of the language must be precise. It was observed in Thornton V Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 1 All ER 686 it was observed that the plaintiff drove his car into the car park which belonged to the defendant. Inside the car park, the plaintiff was handed a ticket by the automatic machine where the terms and conditions were depicted. The conditions were written in a very small print which would exclude them from the liability in case of injury to vehicles. It was held by the Court that the defendant cannot escape liability with the exclusion clause as it was not noticeable by the plaintiff. Similarly in Curtis V Chemical Cleaning Co [1951] 1 KB 805 it was observed that the plaintiff could not no tice the wordings of the receipt which was given to her by the cleaners. It was held by the Court that the cleaners cannot escape liability by depending upon the exclusion clause. Application: In the present scenario, it can be observed that when David drove into the car park, Jenny Pty Ltd where there was a large signboard which stated that the owners should keep their vehicles at their own risk and in case of damage, the owners of the car park shall not be held liable for any damage. However, the ticket which was handed to David before entering the car park contained certain provisions which David could not see. The exception of incorporation of contract can be applied in this case, because as soon as David entered into the car park and accepted the ticket, the contract was formed. In this regard, the case study of Olley V Marlborough Court [1949] 1 KB 532 can be applied in which it was observed that the contract was formed in the hall room before the plaintiff could enter into the room. However, in this case the defendant could not escape liability as the plaintiff was not aware of the contract incorporated in the notice. Similarly, in the present scenario, it can be st ated that the owners of the car park cannot escape liability as David was not aware of the contract incorporated when receiving the receipt. The case of Thornton V Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 1 All ER 686 and Curtis V Chemical Cleaning Co [1951] 1 KB 805 can be refereed in this case. It is evident that David upon receiving the receipt could not see the wordings contained in it. Therefore, the owners of the car park are at the responsibility to include the exclusion clause in such a way so that it can be noticed by any reasonable person. Conclusion: In the conclusion it can be stated that David is at the authority to sue the owner of the car parking station and therefore can claim compensation for the damage caused to his vehicle. Issue: The issue in this case is that whether David has to pay the full amount. Rule: In the law of contract, consideration is an important term. The term consideration is used in a contract when there is a promise to pay an amount in return of supply of goods and services (Masten and Prfer 2014). In this regard, it is worth stating that without the existence of a valid consideration, the promise made by the either party has no existence (Hoeppner Freund and Depoorter 2017). In Hartley v Ponsonby (1857 ) 119 ER 1471, QB it was observed that he captain has promised to pay an extra amount to his crew however; half of them did not receive the extra amount. Therefore, it was held by the Court that the captain shall be liable for the breach of promise. In Dunlop v Selfridge (1915) AC 847 the term consideration was defined in a different manner. Here, it was held by the Court that, the existence of consideration in a contract creates benefit for one party and the detriment or loss is suffered by the other party. It is noteworthy to mention here that every consideration requ ires the existence of a present or future exchange (Decarolis 2014). The presence of a mere wish does not bind the parties to a contract; in order to bind the parties there must be a presence of reasonable consideration which was held in Thomas v Thomas(1842) 2 QB 851; 114 ER 330. However, it is important that the nature of the promise must be more than a reasonable duty which was observed in Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1989] EWCA Civ 5. Consideration can be divided into two types- Executory consideration: A consideration can be regarded as executory when there is a transfer of promises between the parties regarding the performance of a specific act (Alschner 2014). For instance, if there is a promise on the part of A to deliver certain goods to B, where as B promises that he shall pay on delivery. If A delivers the goods on time however; B denies to pay the amount, therefore the consideration on the part of A is executed however; A is at the authority to sue B for breach of contract. Executed consideration: When a promise is made by one of the parties in exchange for an act by the other party. Upon completion of the act, the consideration is termed to be executed. The consideration must not be based upon a past promise. In this regard, it can be mentioned that consideration made in the past is not a good consideration. Past consideration in a contract is declared to be void and therefore parties cannot rely upon it to sue for breach of contract (Masten and Prfer 2014). However, in case of business transactions, it is evident that both the parties has agreed to a reasonable consideration and has paid for the same in the past. Therefore such past considerations in business situations will be valid which was observed in Re Caseys Patents [1892] 1 Ch 104. Application: In the present scenario, it is evident that Emily has already promised David that she would reduce the price of the chairs to an amount of $200/month. However, the amount depicted in the invoice was $300/month. In this regard, it can be noted that there was a promise on the part of Emily and such promise was governed by a consideration. The case study of Hartley v Ponsonby (1857 ) 119 ER 1471, QB can be applied because it can be observed that Emily has breached her promise and therefore David is at the authority to sue her for breach of promise. The case Dunlop v Selfridge (1915) AC 847 can be referred here because due to the presence of consideration in the said promise, David would have been benefitted while Emily would suffer detriment or loss. The case of Thomas v Thomas(1842) 2 QB 851; 114 ER 330 can be referred in this case because the promise which existed between David and Emily was not a mere wish, the promise was supported by a consideration. The case of Williams v Roffey B ros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1989] EWCA Civ 5 can be referred because, the nature of the promise which existed between David and Emily can be considered to be more than a reasonable duty. The exception of executory consideration can be applied in this case. It can be observed that there was a promise from the end of Emily to reduce the price of chairs to $200/month. Therefore, based on her promise David was expecting to pay the reduced amount. Therefore, the consideration on the part of Emily was not executed and therefore David can sue her for breach of promise. The exception of executed consideration can be applied here which states that parties should not rely upon a past consideration. However, in case of business situations which existed between David and Emily, past consideration can be said to be valid. Conclusion: It can be finally concluded that David is not liable to pay the full amount. Issue: The issue in this case is whether Master Arts can terminate the contract and Laura can take any action against them. Rule: Termination of contract is a significant essence of contract which takes place when the parties to the contract and not anymore bounded by the contractual obligations. Therefore, termination of contract can take place by- By an agreement between the parties. By breach of contract. The inability to perform by the parties. By performance. Termination can be caused by breach of contract when one of the parties to the contract fails to deliver the contractual liabilities promised during the course of contract. An anticipatory breach of contract may occur when there is an intention on the part of the part of the party either express or implied to terminate the contract (Deakin et al. 2017). In this regard, the parties consider themselves that they are no longer bound by the conditions of the contract. Therefore, the innocent party is at the authority to sue for damages for the termination of contract as a result of breach on the part of other party. The injured party may also accept such repudiation and terminate the contract which was observed in Confetti Records V Warner Music Uk (2003). Contract can also be terminated when the performance on the part of the parties are partial (Besley 2015). A contract is discharged when the performance is complete however; it can be terminated where the performance is not completed on the part of the parties. A contract can also be terminated when the parties are prevented from performing their duties which was held in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists(Southern)Ltd[1953] EWCA Civ 6. However, there must be a presence of an unforeseeable force which prevents the parties from performing the obligations of the contract. In case of termination of contract, there injured party is at the authority to take legal actions against the party who has breached the contract. In some cases, the parties not perform according to the terms and conditions of the contract which results into termination of contract. In this context, the injured party is at the authority to bring claim for damages which was observed in Pickfords Ltd v Celestica Ltd [2003] All ER (D) 265 (Nov). Application: In the present scenario, it can be observed that there was a contract between Laura and the Master Art to create three sculptures for Master Art every year. However, it was observed that at the end of the year only two sculptures was created by Laura. In this regard, the principle of termination of contract can be applied. In this context, the essentials of termination can be applied which is termination by breach of contract. It can be observed that the Laura did not perform the obligations of the contract. Laura was required as a part of the contract to create three sculptures at the end of every year which she failed to do. Therefore, Master Arts is at the authority to sue Laura for breach of contract and can terminate the contract. Therefore the ground of inability to perform can be applied as Laura failed to perform the requirements of the contract. Therefore, in this scenario, the cases study of Confetti Records V Warner Music Uk (2003) can be referred and hence Masters Act can repudiate the contract and thereby terminate the contract. The case law of Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] EWCA Civ 6 can be referred because in the present scenario, Laura has not discharged her duties in relation to the contract. Therefore Master Arts can terminate the contract any time on the ground of non-performance. The case references of Pickfords Ltd v Celestica Ltd [2003] All ER (D) 265 (Nov) can be applied to the present scenario because the injured party Master Arts has the authority to take legal actions for the loss incurred. Therefore, it can either terminate the contract or sue Laura for breach of contract. Conclusion: It can be finally concluded that Master Arts is at the authority to terminate the contract however; Laura does not have the authority to proceed with any legal actions against them. References: Cases: Confetti Records V Warner Music Uk (2003). Curtis V Chemical Cleaning Co [1951] 1 KB 805. Dunlop v Selfridge (1915) AC 847. Hartley v Ponsonby (1857 ) 119 ER 1471, QB. Olley V Marlborough Court [1949] 1 KB 532. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] EWCA Civ 6. Pickfords Ltd v Celestica Ltd [2003] All ER (D) 265 (Nov). Thomas v Thomas (1842) 2 QB 851; 114 ER 330. Thornton V Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 1 All ER 686. Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1989] EWCA Civ 5. Journals: Alschner, W., 2014. Regionalism and overlap in investment treaty law: Towards consolidation or contradiction?.Journal of International Economic Law,17(2), pp.271-298. Besley, T., 2015. Law, regulation, and the business climate: The nature and influence of the World Bank Doing Business project.Journal of Economic Perspectives,29(3), pp.99-120. Cartwright, J., 2016.Contract law: An introduction to the English law of contract for the civil lawyer. Bloomsbury Publishing. Deakin, S., Gindis, D., Hodgson, G.M., Huang, K. and Pistor, K., 2017. Legal institutionalism: capitalism and the constitutive role of law.Journal of Comparative Economics,45(1), pp.188-200. Decarolis, F., 2014. Awarding price, contract performance, and bids screening: Evidence from procurement auctions.American Economic Journal: Applied Economics,6(1), pp.108-32. Hoeppner, S., Freund, L. and Depoorter, B., 2017. The Moral-Hazard Effect of Liquidated Damages: An Experiment on Contract Remedies.Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics JITE,173(1), pp.84-105. Kraakman, R. and Hansmann, H., 2017. The end of history for corporate law. InCorporate Governance(pp. 49-78). Gower. Masten, S.E. and Prfer, J., 2014. On the evolution of collective enforcement institutions: communities and courts.The Journal of Legal Studies,43(2), pp.359-400. Piccoli, B. and De Witte, H., 2015. Job insecurity and emotional exhaustion: Testing psychological contract breach versus distributive injustice as indicators of lack of reciprocity.Work Stress,29(3), pp.246-263. Roehrich, J. and Lewis, M., 2014. Procuring complex performance: Implications for exchange governance complexity.International Journal of Operations Production Management,34(2), pp.221-241.

Gupta Empire free essay sample

Used by permission. Photograph of three Pygmy Chimpanzees (Image No. KA001090), copyright  © by Karl Ammann/Corbis. Used by permission. Excerpt from â€Å"The Ride Home† by Natale Ghent, from No Small Thing, copyright  © 2003 by Natale Ghent, ? rst U. S. edition 2005. â€Å"Once Upon a Time† by Beverly Patt from Guideposts for Kids Magazine, copyright  © 2000 by Guideposts, Carmel, New York. Used by permission. â€Å"Freaky Farm† by Teresa Milanese from Boy’s Life magazine’s October 2003 issue, copyright  © 2003 by Teresa Milanese, photograph courtesy of the Cz Family. Used by permission. Excerpt from The Island by Gary Paulsen, text copyright  © 1988 by Gary Paulsen. Used by permission of Scholastic, Inc. Developed and published by CTB/McGraw-Hill LLC, a subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 20 Ryan Ranch Road, Monterey, California 93940-5703. Copyright  © 2008 by New York State Education Department. We will write a custom essay sample on Gupta Empire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of New York State Education Department. Book 1 Reading D irections In this part of the test, you will do some reading and answer questions about what you have read. For the multiple-choice questions, you will mark your answers on the answer sheet. For questions 27 and 28, you will write your answers directly in the test book. Go On  ¦ SECURE MATERIAL  ¦ Do not reproduce. Do not discuss contents until end of designated makeup schedule. Book 1 Page 1 D irections Read this article. Then answer questions 1 through 4. Conversations with Apes by Aline Alexander Newman Raring to go! Panbanisha, a female bonobo (buh-NO-bo), often hitches a ride—but she’d probably rather drive. One day, while out in the woods of Georgia, Panbanisha suddenly leaped into a parked golf cart. By pushing the accelerator with her foot, she started the engine. Gripping the steering wheel with both hands, she looked over her shoulder and backed up. Next she shifted gears and zoomed ahead. The only reason she stopped was because she rammed the cart into a tree! (She wasn’t hurt. ) â€Å"We never taught her to drive,† says Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, the primatologist in charge of the Georgia State University Language Research Center in Atlanta. But that didn’t prevent this smart ape from teaching herself. Of the great apes—bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, and chimpanzees—bonobos are the most like humans. Savage-Rumbaugh decided to study them to see whether they could pick up language on their own, as humans do. It turns out that they can. In fact, Savage-Rumbaugh has discovered that bonobos can learn to do lots of things on their own. Growing up in the language center lab, Panbanisha and her brother, Kanzi, had human caretakers, watched TV, and played with toys. Both drink from a glass, brush their teeth, and use the toilet. They also communicate. At ? st, the apes simply listened—picking up the meanings of words by hearing people talk. Later they learned to say things by pressing symbols on a portable computer. One day, a young female bonobo named Tamuli stole Savage-Rumbaugh’s keys. The researcher begged and pleaded and even offered food in exchange. But the mischievous ape laughed and refused to give them back. Finally Savage-Rumbaugh asked Kanzi to tell T amuli to return the keys. â€Å"Kanzi turned, made a series of sounds to her, and she came right over and handed them to me,† says the scientist. Did Kanzi actually â€Å"speak† to Tamuli? Savage-Rumbaugh thinks he did. She knows they communicate in many ways. She wasn’t surprised when Panbanisha took a piece of chalk and drew a long line on the ? oor leading to the door. â€Å"She wanted to go outside,† the researcher says. Page 2 Book 1 Do not reproduce. Do not discuss contents until end of designated makeup schedule.  ¦ SECURE MATERIAL  ¦ But on another occasion, Panbanisha’s behavior astonished even Savage-Rumbaugh. The ape hadn’t been allowed outside for days and was staring longingly out a window. Suddenly she hopped down and drew on the ? oor. SavageRumbaugh looked at her sketch and gasped. Panbanisha had written an upside-down V—the symbol from the portable keyboard that stands for a hut in the forest. Clearly, Panbanisha was telling Savage-Rumbaugh she wanted to go there! Savage-Rumbaugh frequently takes the apes hiking in the forest. â€Å"Kanzi likes to make ? res,† she says. He learned by watching her make them. Kanzi walks around picking up sticks, which he snaps with his foot and piles in a heap. Then he borrows a lighter to ignite the blaze. The apes use the ? res for roasting marshmallows! When it’s time to leave, Kanzi douses the ? mes with a bucket of water. Savage-Rumbaugh hopes that as people learn more about bonobos, they’ll grow to respect them and feel as strongly as she does about protecting them in the wild. 1 According to the article, which of the great apes are the most like humans? A B C D bonobos chimpanzees gorillas orangutans 3 What will most likely happen to Panbanisha a nd Kanzi next? A B C D They will speak just like humans. They will teach each other to drive. They will begin to live by themselves. They will learn more human behaviors. 2 Which detail best supports the main idea of the article? A B C D Bonobos sometimes live in language labs. Bonobos can take hikes through the forest. Bonobos can learn language on their own. Bonobos sometimes take objects from humans. 4 Read this sentence from the article. When it’s time to leave, Kanzi douses the flames with a bucket of water. The word â€Å"douses† means about the same as A B C D contains in? uences seizes soaks Go On  ¦ SECURE MATERIAL  ¦ Do not reproduce. Do not discuss contents until end of designated makeup schedule. Book 1 Page 3 D irections Read this passage from the book No Small Thing. Then answer questions 5 through 10. The Ride Home y Natale Ghent In this passage, Nathaniel and his sisters, Cid and Queenie, cannot believe their luck when they are the ? rst to answer an advertisement for a free pony. They waste no time in claiming Smokey as their very own. Since Smokey has never been ridden, they need to tame him enough to ride him. I take the reins and walk Smokey through the gate and down the lane. Queenie is skipping along next to me. We haven’t even hit the road when Cid starts in about how she wants to ride him. â€Å"You have to wait. I don’t want them to see us riding him in case Smokey kicks up and one of us falls off. â€Å"You’re not the boss of everything,† Cid says. At this point I want to hit her with the reins, because I know it would hurt a lot. â€Å"Just wait until they can’t see us,† I hiss at her, my eyes squinting. She can see that I’m serious and backs off. Queenie is walking with one hand on Smokey’s neck. She hasn’t said a thing, but her eyes are as wide as saucers. I run my hand along the pony’s neck. I can feel his muscles moving in an easy rhythm as he walks. His eyes are dark and kind, and his nostrils are bright pink and dewy on the inside. When we can’t see the farm anymore, I tell Cid she can ride him. I’ll hold the reins while you get on. † She hands me the bag of brushes, then swings her leg up. Smokey quickly steps to one side. Cid hops on one foot like a pogo stick, her other leg still slung halfway over Smokey’s back. â€Å"Hold him still! † she says angrily. â€Å"Just hurry up and get on! † I tell her, and then I talk to Smokey the way cowboys do in the movies. â€Å"Whoa now, easy, boy. † I stroke his muzzle for extra assurance. He snorts and tosses his head. He doesn’t know what to think. I rub his forelock and talk softly in his ear until Cid slings herself up. Smokey’s back legs buckle slight ly as he considers her weight. I hold the reins near the bit and hand the rest over Smokey’s head to Cid. When I let go, Smokey lays his ears ? at. I can tell he doesn’t like the idea. Cid taps his sides with her heels—and the ride is on! Page 4 Book 1 Do not reproduce. Do not discuss contents until end of designated makeup schedule.  ¦ SECURE MATERIAL  ¦ Smokey springs forward, then steps quickly to one side. His back legs compress, and then he prances like a Lipizzaner. 1 Queenie watches with her big eyes. Cid holds the reins tightly with one hand and clutches a handful of Smokey’s mane with the other. She keeps her legs pressed to Smokey’s sides. Her teeth are clenched and her face is serious. I have to admit I’m impressed with her guts— really impressed—but I would never tell her that. Horse Terms in the Story †¢ reins: narrow straps used to guide a horse †¢ muzzle: the part of a horse that includes the nose, jaws, and mouth †¢ bit: a bar connected to the reins that goes into a horse’s mouth †¢ withers: the part of a horse between its neck and back â€Å"Give him another little kick,† I say, when Smokey stops. Cid kicks him, and he lunges forward again. Despite all the snorting and stamping, Smokey never goes really wild. I can tell by his eyes that he feels obliged to put up a bit of a fuss—for dignity’s sake—but that his heart isn’t mean at all. He soon settles and gets used to the idea of the weight on his back. He walks quickly, blowing through ? ared nostrils and swinging his head from side to side. His mane dances up and down and his tail streams out behind him like a comet. Queenie trots beside him, her hand against his neck like she’s afraid to let go in case he disappears into the summer air like a mirage. 2 By the time Cid lets me on him, Smokey is pretty much broke. He doesn’t try to step away when I get on, but stands and waits for me to gather the reins. He whinnies loudly while he waits, and I can feel the air pushing through him, his sides quivering against my legs. His coat is soft and warm, and I ? t comfortably behind his withers like he was made for me. I give him a nudge with my heels, and he lurches forward, picking along the gravel road w ith quick, even steps. The sunlight is fading now. We move in and out of the shadows, the trees casting long, dark bands across the road. I am so happy, I feel like I could ride forever. 1 2 Lipizzaner: a breed of horse trained for jumping mirage: something unreal 3 broke: tamed Go On  ¦ SECURE MATERIAL  ¦ Do not reproduce. Do not discuss contents until end of designated makeup schedule. Book 1 Page 5 5 This passage is told from the point of view of A B C D Cid Smokey Queenie Nathaniel 6 At the beginning of the passage, why is Nathaniel irritated with Cid? A B C D She refuses to take the reins from him. He realizes she is a stronger rider than he is. She pesters him to let her ride Smokey. He thinks he should ride Smokey before she does. 7 Overall, Nathaniel’s behavior is best described as A B C D friendly sel? h responsible uninterested 8 Which statement is most likely true of the characters in this passage? A B C D Nathaniel is older than Queenie and Cid. Nathaniel likes to tease Queenie and Cid. Cid and Queenie have fallen off Smokey before. Cid and Queenie have always wanted to own Smokey. Page 6 Book 1 Do not reproduce. Do not discuss contents until end of designated makeup schedule.  ¦ SECURE MATERIAL  ¦ 9 The author helps the reader understand Smokey’s nature mostly through the use of A B C D Cid’s behavior toward Smokey Nathaniel’s descriptions of Smokey Nathaniel and Cid’s dialogue about Smokey Nathaniel and Queenie’s dialogue about Smokey 0 Read this sentence from the passage. Smokey’s back legs buckle slightly as he considers her weight. Now read the dictionary entry below. buckle v. 1. Become fastened. 2. Surrender to authority. 3. Prepare with vigor. 4. Bend under pressure. Which de? nition is closest to the meaning of â€Å"buckle† as it is used in the sentence above? A B C D de? nition 1 de? nition 2 de? nition 3 de? nition 4 Go On  ¦ SECURE MATERIAL  ¦ Do not repro duce. Do not discuss contents until end of designated makeup schedule. Book 1 Page 7 D irections Read this article about clocks. Then answer questions 11 through 15. Once Upon a Time by Beverly Patt Imagine three of your closest friends are late for school. When the teacher asks them, â€Å"Why are you late? †: Friend #1 says, â€Å"Sorry, but the wind blew out my alarm clock. † Friend #2 says, â€Å"My dog drank up my alarm clock. † Friend #3 says, â€Å"I have a cold and couldn’t smell what time it was. † As weird as it sounds, all three of your friends are telling the truth. They’re just a little behind the times. If you go back in history far enough, you’ll come to a time where there were no clocks, watches, or VCRs blinking 12:00. But people still needed a way to keep track of how long they worked, how long to leave the bread over the ? e, and when their favorite TV show was on (just kidding! ). Shadow clocks, such as sundials, were a â€Å"hot† item around 1500 B. C. But these were only useful during the daytime—and only on sunny days! Soon better ways to mark time were invented. In the â€Å"Wick† of Ti me Ever set your clock on ? re? Many cultures did! The Chinese took a dampened rope, knotted it in equal intervals, and set it a? ame. As ? re passed each knot, a period of time was counted off. (They dampened the rope to make it burn more slowly. ) Later, they spaced weights evenly along the rope and placed something like a bell beneath it. As the rope burned, the weights would drop and â€Å"chime† the time! Other cultures did the same thing with evenly spaced pins in a candle. When the candle burned down low enough, the pin would drop and strike the pan below. (It must have been â€Å"quiet enough to hear a pin drop! †) There were also calibrated1 candles—they had numbered lines along one side where the time could be read as the candle burned down. Oil lamps had lines on their reservoirs, marking the time as the oil level dropped. The award for the most unusual burning clock goes to the Chinese. They could actually smell time passing! Incense was laid in a maze-like tray, with different types of incense used for different hours. As the incense burned, sniff, sniff, they knew it was time to get up! 1 calibrated: marked for measurement Page 8 Book 1 Do not reproduce. Do not discuss contents until end of designated makeup schedule.  ¦ SECURE MATERIAL  ¦ Filling Time From time to time you may play a board game that uses an ancient clock. Can you guess what it is? Time’s up! It’s called a sandglass—or hourglass (although in your game it probably measures minutes or seconds instead of hours). And can you guess what these ancient sandglasses were ? lled with? Time’s up! If you said, â€Å"Duh, sand,† you are wrong! In most cases, the available sand was too coarse to trickle smoothly, so powdered eggshells were used instead. Ancient Greeks used the sandglass to measure cooking time, and in medieval Europe sandglasses were employed to time church sermons! Contrary to what their name implies, hourglasses can measure anywhere from two minutes to four hours, depending on the amount of sand, er, eggshell in them! Clocks using ? owing water were popular, too. A clepsydra came in two styles, both using two bowls, one with a hole in the bottom. One clepsydra measured water dripping from the â€Å"holy† bowl into the other. In the second style, the holy bowl ? oated (and slowly ? lled) in a bigger, water-? lled tub. These bowls had markings on the inside to tell the â€Å"time† indicated by the rising or sinking water level. And if your baby sister spilled the bowls and made you late for class? You had to convince your teacher you had a good excuse for being tardy. That’s a timeless fact! clepsydra 11 What does the author mean by the phrase â€Å"behind the times†? A B C D imperfect outdated overlooked unusual 12 Read this excuse for being late to school. â€Å"My dog drank up my alarm clock. † According to the article, which type of clock is this student most likely using? A B C D a sandglass a calibrated candle a clepsydra a shadow clock Go On  ¦ SECURE MATERIAL  ¦ Do not reproduce. Do not discuss contents until end of designated makeup schedule. Book 1 Page 9 13 Which sentence from the article best supports the main idea of â€Å"Once Upon a Time†? A B C D â€Å"But people still needed a way to keep track of how long they worked, how long to leave the bread over the ? e, and when their favorite TV show was on (just kidding! ). † â€Å"Later, they spaced weights evenly along the rope and placed something like a bell beneath it. † â€Å"Oil lamps had lines on their reservoirs, marking the time as the oil level dropped. † â€Å"Contrary to what their name implies, hourglasses can measure anywhere from two minutes to four hours, depending on the amount of sand, er, eggshell in them! † 14 The information in this article would be most useful for someone who wants to A B C D ? nd an ancient clock measure time exactly learn about the background of clocks arrive at school on time in the morning 5 Read this sentence from the article. Ancient Greeks used the sandglass to measure cooking time, and in medieval Europe sandglasses were employed to time church sermons! What does the word â€Å"employed† most likely mean in this sentence? A B C D applied ? lled suited used Page 10 Book 1 Do not reproduce. Do not discuss contents until end of designated makeup schedule.  ¦ SECURE MATERIAL  ¦ D irections Read this article about a man with an interesting hobby. Then answer questions 16 through 19. Freaky Farm by Teresa Milanese In the 1930s, an Ohio farmer had the creepiest pumpkin patch in town. David Pethtel walked through the overgrown grass and weeds on a farm he bought in 1986 in Madison, Ohio. Most of the ? elds had been neglected for years. Suddenly, he stumbled upon a pile of metal objects shaped like human heads. Aged and covered in grime, the heads would reveal an interesting story about the farm’s previous owner, John Cz. Cz, a pumpkin farmer, was determined to grow pumpkins that looked like humans. The hobby brought Cz international fame. Molding His Craft During the 1930s, Cz shaped human heads in plaster and had metal molds made from these forms. He used each mold to encase a young pumpkin while it was still on the vine. During the initial growth phase, the pumpkin took on the shape of the mold. When the mold was removed, the pumpkin grew to full size, retaining its form. Grow Somebody You Know Local legend says Cz’s pumpkin patch was a scary place at night. Moonlight shone on the grinning heads in the ? eld. Sharp explosions periodically sounded when an iron mold burst open under the pressure of a growing pumpkin and a human-like head popped out. Later, Cz patented several kinds of aluminum molds, which held up better than iron. Many were made to look like celebrities of his day. He gave his pumpkins a life-like appearance by painting in eyes and other features. Some of his creations sold for $10 to $50—a substantial amount of money in the 1930s. Getting a Head Cz and his pumpkins made national and international headlines. A German magazine ran a feature story on his pumpkin-growing methods. Curious people from all over the United States sent him letters asking about his molds. In 1938, he received a round-trip railroad ticket and an invitation to appear on Dave Elman’s â€Å"Hobby Lobby† radio program in New York City. Go On  ¦ SECURE MATERIAL  ¦ Do not reproduce. Do not discuss contents until end of designated makeup schedule. Book 1 Page 11 After more than a decade of growing unique pumpkins, the duties of operating a large farm left Cz little time to pursue his hobby. He packed away his molds, along with an idea he was developing for a new plastic mold. Cz died in 1984. But his pumpkin molds have become collector’s items in Madison and surrounding communities. 16 According to information in the article, John Cz could best be described as A B C D hesitant ? exible stubborn imaginative 7 Which statement best summarizes the information in the section titled â€Å"Getting a Head†? A B C D Cz decided to create a new plastic mold. Cz had an unusual hobby that people found interesting. Cz grew pumpkin heads that resembled famous people. Cz made molds and planted pumpkins in them. Page 12 Book 1 Do not reproduce. Do not discuss contents until end of designated makeup schedule.  ¦ SEC URE MATERIAL  ¦ 18 Read this sentence from the article. Sharp explosions periodically sounded when an iron mold burst open under the pressure of a growing pumpkin and a human-like head popped out. The author most likely included this sentence to show A B C D that the pumpkin ? eld was a dangerous place the dramatic way in which some pumpkins appeared that the pumpkins looked like celebrities the inappropriate size of the pumpkin molds 19 Read this sentence from the article. After more than a decade of growing unique pumpkins, the duties of operating a large farm left Cz little time to pursue his hobby. Which word means about the same as â€Å"pursue†? A B C D change discuss follow start Go On  ¦ SECURE MATERIAL  ¦ Do not reproduce. Do not discuss contents until end of designated makeup schedule. Book 1 Page 13 D irections Read this excerpt from The Island. Then answer questions 20 through 28. The Island by Gary Paulsen Wil Neuton had just gotten used to city life in Madison, Wisconsin, when his family moved again—this time to a small house in the woods, far away from the nearest town. At this point in the story, Wil has gone for a bike ride and has discovered a lake with an abandoned rowboat pulled up on its shore. It took him only a minute to jump in, push off with an oar, and get settled on the old dry seat in the middle. As heavy as it was, water-soaked for years, the boat still moved easily to the oars, and in ten more minutes he was bumping against the small rocks at the south edge of the island. He hopped out, standing in the water in his tennis shoes, and skinned1 the boat up onto the rocks. Then he turned it on its side and stuck the oars up inside and turned and looked around. â€Å"See,† he said aloud. â€Å"See what I have found—an island all for myself. † He felt only a little strange talking to himself, and he smiled and walked along the shore wondering why he had taken the boat out to the island in the ? st place; what pull had brought him? He had seen other islands, yet there was something about this one. It . . . ?t him, somehow. Seemed to ? t him. He went to the right and soon was up on the north end of the right side of the U, where he turned left, started around the corner, and came to the large, square table rock that jutted out into the bay. Two mallards2 lifted off the bay—a male, all green-headed 1 2 skinned: scraped mallards: a kind of duck  ¦ SECURE MATERIAL  ¦ Page 14 Book 1 Do not reproduce. Do not discuss contents until end of designated makeup schedule. ith white wing ? ecks, and a dappled gray-brown female—and Wil jumped when they took off. There were birds singing, and some insect sound, but the sun was keeping the mosquitoes down and the quiet was very peaceful. He walked onto the rock and sat on the outer edge, letting his feet dangle over the side. His heels almost touched the water, and when he rocked his toes forward they just broke the surface; some small sun? sh came to investigate the disturbance, which might be a meal. They hovered in the shade of the rock, darted in and out with each ripple, ? shed their sides in the sun, golden blinks that came up through the water into Wil’s eyes and into his mind. He sat for some time, watching the ? sh, looking across the bay, listening to the birds, and the place felt, in a way, like home. It felt like he was supposed to be there, and when he stood and brushed the rock dust off his pants and walked back t o the boat, some of the day was gone. But the newness ? lled him, and he did not think of Madison or feel lonely as he rowed back to the main shore, left the boat upside down in the brush, found his bike, and got out on the road. He did not think of Madison or his friends there; he thought only of the island, the sun? sh coming to his toes, the mallards jumping into the sky the way they did, the sun, the birds. And he knew he would come back. He knew it with a kind of basic, fundamental knowledge; he would breathe in and out—and he would come back to the island. 20 What is this passage mostly about? A B C D a boy watching wildlife on an island a boy learning how to use an old rowboat he ? nds a boy easing his loneliness when he explores a nearby island a boy realizing how much he misses his old home and friends 21 This passage is told from the point of iew of A B C D Wil’s family Wil’s friends an outside narrator the main character Go On  ¦ SECURE MATERIAL  ¦ Do not reproduce. Do not discuss contents until end of designated makeup schedule. Book 1 Page 15 22 What does the island most likely represent to Wil? A B C D the past a hardship old friends new freedom 23 Which statement from t he passage best shows how important the island is to Wil? A B C D â€Å"He hopped out, standing in the water in his tennis shoes, and skinned the boat up onto the rocks. † â€Å"He went to the right and soon was up on the north end of the right side of the U, where he turned left. â€Å"He walked onto the rock and sat on the outer edge, letting his feet dangle over the side. † â€Å"He sat for some time, watching the ? sh, looking across the bay, listening to the birds, and the place felt, in a way, like home. † 24 The author’s description of the wildlife on the island helps to create a sense of A B C D calmness pride sadness tension 25 Read this sentence from the passage. Two mallards lifted off the bay—a male, all green-headed with white wing flecks, and a dappled gray-brown female—and Wil jumped when they took off. In the sentence, the author creates an image in which Wil is A B C D chasing the ducks surprised by the ducks pleased to see the ducks pretending to ? y like the ducks Page 16 Book 1 Do not reproduce. Do not discuss contents until end of designated makeup schedule.  ¦ SECURE MATERIAL  ¦ 26 The next time Wil feels lonely, he will most likely A B C D row out to the island search for a new island bring his parents to the island call his friends from the island 27 At the end of the passage, the author says that â€Å"the newness ? lled† Wil.

Helpful Tips For Healthy Holiday Parties Example

Helpful Tips For Healthy Holiday Parties Example Helpful Tips For Healthy Holiday Parties – Article Example Healthy Holiday Parties The festive holiday season is around the corner. Tempting holiday parties include cakes, cookies, meat, and other food alternatives. One must avoid the urge to overeat unhealthy amounts of food. During these happy moments, one must strive to maintain a healthy weight level. Health Tips for Holiday Period Partiesââ€" ºThirty minutes prior to taking one’s regular holiday party morning breakfast, eat raw fruit. The raw fruit can be an apple, a handful of strawberries, a bunch of grape, or a ripe yellow –colored mango. ââ€" ºNext, consume raw salads during one’s Holiday party afternoon snack (Soria, 2003). These food choices revitalize the human body. Eating healthy holiday party food alternatives is an enjoyable experience.ââ€" º Pick healthy raw food choices. Raw food contains lots of enzymes. The human body needs the enzymes to hasten bodily functions. The body uses enzymes to help digest food. Eating cooked food drain’s oneâ€⠄¢s store of body enzymes. Eating raw food increases the body’s stored enzymes (Soria, 2003). ââ€" º Help cook healthy food for the upcoming holiday party. Use only healthy cooking oil in the process. Olive oil is one of the best health-invigorating oil alternatives. However, use as little olive oil as possible. Next, significantly reduce the cooking time. The time reduction reduces the loss of the cooked food’s health benefits. The use of the extra-virgin olive oil will contribute omega -3 health benefits. Avoid using unhealthy corn oil has very high unhealthy calories and debilitating unsaturated fats (Messier, 2009.ââ€" ºWhen cooking the Holiday party food, do not fry food at unnecessarily high cooking temperatures. High heat burns away the healthy food ingredients (Soria, 2003). ââ€" º Exclude unhealthy processed food. Processed food has lots of diabetes-inducing sugar and artificial sweetening ingredients. The processed food products contain health-depleting oi ls and fats, filers and harmful chemicals. The food producers use unhealthy food preservatives, especially MSG, to prolong the food’s shelf life (Holmes, 2012).ââ€" º Consume lots of healthy food alternatives. The cabbage alternative has health-inducing antioxidants and cancer-preventing properties. The cinnamon fruit significantly contributes to controlling cholesterol as well as blood sugar levels. The ripe tomato’s lycopen ingredient has cancer-preventing antioxidants. The accepted ginger root eliminates indigestion (Holmes, 2012). ââ€" ºReplace the unhealthy processed food choices with healthy raw food alternatives. The healthy raw food products can be described as juicy, crunchy, tasty, and sweet. Raw food enchants the visitors’ eyes. The same food attracts the visitors. The apple, grapes, and strawberries influentially enchant the visitors’ palate and nose. Raw food contains lots of enzymes, vitamins and other health-inducing nutrients. Cooking de stroys many of the raw food’s health-stimulating properties. The raw food’s enzymes reduce the aging process, prolonging the individuals’ lifespan (Casupei, 2011). ââ€" ºIf unhealthy holiday party food choices cannot be avoided at the holiday parties, controllably consume minimal amounts of the offered food choices. Use effective exchange why you are avoiding binge eating. Excessive fattening food leads to obesity, hypertension and health ailment issues. ââ€" ºDuring the Holiday’s festive party hours, prioritize consume raw health-stimulating food choices over processed and overly cooked food alternatives.ReferencesCasupei, J. (2011). The Art of Raw Food: Delicious, Simple Dishes for Healthy Living. Berkeley: North Atlantic Book Press.Holmes, L. (2012). Supercharged Food: Eat Your Way to Health. Sydney: Allen & Unwin Press.Messier, L. (2009). Free Radicals: The Silent Killers of the Human Race. Pittsburgh: Dorrance Press.Soria, C. (2003). Angel Foods : Healthy Recipies for Healthy Bodies. Summertown: Book Publishing Company.

Women give up many of their naturally granted values in fight for Research Paper

Women give up many of their naturally granted values in fight for gender equality, which is often mistaken for sameness - Research Paper Example ich include physical attractiveness/sexual selection theory and other social theories like exposure, familiarity, personality, dependability and intelligence. The purpose of this research paper is to identify which of the two approaches are more likely to be used by the two genders – male and female. To this end, the paper will be written on the basis of the thesis that men are more likely to be drawn to a romantic partner because of physical or sexual attractiveness whilst women are more likely to be drawn to a romantic partner on the basis of their personality, exposure and other social features and statuses. In testing the hypothesis to prove or disprove it, there are numerous theories and concepts that can be brought to the fore formulate and draw logical conclusions. The first question that comes to mind is why men often seek female partners who are younger than them? It is obvious that women are more beautiful and more attractive sexually when they are younger, than when they grow older. Therefore, it can be generalized with a degree of accuracy that men go for younger women because younger women are more beautiful and sexually more attractive. Charles Darwin’s sexual selection theory indicates that in most cases, men tend to desire younger and more attractive women as a symptom of their mid-life crisis (Darwin 17). On the other hand, the parental investment theory that is put forward by Robert Trivers states that men subconsciously seek traits that show signs of fertility and strong genetic features which can be found more clearly in younger and sexually attractive women than men (Trivers 3). This creates a kind of subconscious mental situation whereby men look for women with strong genes. However, women are more oriented to think in relation to a partner who has long-term abilities because they think within the context of raising a family. Hence, women look beyond just physical traits and sexual attractiveness. They look for a man who has the social

Water Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Water Cycle - Essay Example Factory effluence, poor sewage management, and poor waste disposal have threatened the supply of fresh water to significant levels. Oil spillage features as a dominant factor of pollution in the modern world. Industrialization and urbanization are some of the human factors that have caused significant shortages in the availability of fresh water. Unequal distribution of fresh water resources has created conflicts and occasioned artificial shortages in many parts of the world. Modernization and technological systems of water supply has also had some adverse impact on the availability of fresh water. For instance, certain developments such as irrigations often require the consumption of large supplies of water. Modern usages of water occasion wastage of large amounts of water leading to acute shortages (Royte, 2010). Human interventions in water availability has often involved the conflicts between parties where by the most privileged parties use financial means or political superiority to deny other groups sufficient access to water. Examples exist in parts of the developing world where conflicts between communities or countries have often led to acute water shortages in some of the affec ted

A Message Of Peace And Reconciliation Mercy Religion Essay

A Message Of Peace And Reconciliation Mercy Religion Essay 1. Approximately fourteen hundred years ago, Prophet Muhammad, the last in the line of the prophets of Islam, received revelation from God known as the Quran, which is the Final Testament. He came with a message of peace and reconciliation, mercy and compassion. Yet, ever since the beginning of the call of Islam, its image and that of Muslims has been subject to distortion, misconceptions, and misinterpretations. This chapter aims at establishing the link between Quran and the distortions in its interpretation which has manifested itself in the form of jihad or the holy-war. Quran and Sanction of Violence 2. The Quran permits violence as an act of defence waged to protect the Shariat in an Islamic community. The Shariat can be explained as a system of ordinances outlined in the Quran and Hadis  [1]  through which God lays down for mankind the rules of conduct  [2]  . The Shariat is the guidance for all walks of life individual and social, material and moral, economic and political, legal and cultural, national and international  [3]  . 3. Muslims are advised to closely follow the Shariat to acquire the well being that God has envisioned for the Islamic community. Preservation of the Shariat is an obligation of every able-bodied individual  [4]  . Oppression, despotism, injustice and criminal abuse of power  [5]   of the Shariat by Muslims or non-Muslims  [6]  , must be punished. Quran and Jihad 4. The Quran identifies three main kinds of Jihad that can be used for the punishment of oppression and injustice. These are: internal  [7]  , external  [8]  and inter-communal  [9]  . The Quran permits the use of violence as an optional method for all three forms of Jihad but it limits the use of violence in internal  [10]   and external Jihad. It expands on its doctrine of Jihad and violence, mainly in the context of inter-communal conflicts. In these cases, Muslims can individually determine the nature and extent of Jihad based on the freedom of interpretations, and the geopolitical conditions in which the conflict arises. However the most essential prerequisite in the Qurans discourse on violence is that, force should be used only when the Shariat has been violated and needs to be persevered as the very work of God Himself  [11]  . 5. In Inter communal Jihad, Martial Jihad  [12]  should be used to protect and to promote the integrity of Islam and to defend the umma [community] against hostile unbelievers whether they are invading armies or un-Islamic internal despots  [13]  . The use of forces in all other instances is forbidden by God  [14]  . Once cause for violent Jihad has been established on the basis of geopolitical circumstances and religious understandings of the same, the Quran advises Muslims to:- Fight for the sake of God those that fight against you but do not attack them first. God does not love aggressors. Slay them wherever you find them  [15]  . It encourages violent Jihadis to muster all the men and cavalry at your disposalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [and]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦strike terror into (the hearts of) the enemies  [16]  until Gods religion  [17]  reigns supreme  [18]  . Jihadis should use violence to ward of external aggression, maintain internal orde and establish absolute justice for all citizens  [19]  . Jihadis should employ all means and media for the establishment of all that is right and the elimination of all that is wrong  [20]  . If they do so then they will dwell amidst garden and fountains and shall receive what their Lord will give themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦for they have done good works  [21]  . 6. Thus as seen above, through its affirmative discourse on the use of violence and its association with the Divine and martyrdom, the Quran encourages the popularity of violent Jihad as a legitimate tool for Muslims to overpower their adversaries. Through this association the Quran also projects the use of violence as a religious duty that demonstrates the utmost submission to God and deserves the highest rewards. This becomes more compelling because the Quran permits violence, in any instance where the Shariat has been violated. 7. A Muslim who foresees this violation as important is allowed by the Quran to adopt violent Jihad. The manner in which this process applies to each Muslim depends on individual interpretations of the Quran which extend themselves to the social realm as well. If adopted on the basis of individual will and sense of religious duty, then violent Jihad can be considered as an act of great patriotism in Islam. Conversely an act of violence that is not directed towards preserving the Shariat and the will of God is categorized as terrorism in Islam. Such acts are a deviation from the path of God and the Quran states that those that deny Gods revelations shall be sternly punished; God is mighty and capable of revenge. Nothing on earth or in heaven is hidden from God  [22]  . The Quran is extremely categorical in outlining the premise and course for Islamic violence so that it can deter nonreligious violence from occurring. 8. Quran implies that Muslims can apply their Quranic understandings to geopolitical conditions and present religious premise for violent Jihad. Once this is done, the intent and act of violence meets Quranic requirements consequently making violent Jihad a legitimate religious reaction. Most often, acts categorized as terrorism in the non-Muslim world represent religious rather than non-religious violence executed within the Qurans discourse on violence. This is because the non-Muslim worlds categorization of violence is not related to the Quran. In the non-Muslim world, the use of legitimate violence is defined as a state-oriented concept which must find just cause in domestic or international precepts.  [23]  However, in the Islamic world the Quran itself determines political, economic and social perceptions. 9. Violence in Islamic nations almost always has an essential religious rather than a purely political bias. The Quran states that any Muslim can be a warrior of God rather than the state based on his religious interpretations. The extent to which violence can be used in Islam for this purpose remains unstipulated by the Quran. It simply states that Jihadis should engage all means required to ensure that the enemy is defeated or accepts defeat. Thus even though violent Jihad can create aggression that amounts to terrorism in the non-Muslim world, in Islam this is not perceived as such as long as it occurs within the guidelines on the use of violence, stipulated in the Quran. Contrary perceptions of violent Jihad persist in the non-Muslim world mainly because of the divergent perspectives from which the use of violence is defined. 10. Bin-Laden and some other extremists in the Islamic world contend that the 11 September 2001 attacks were a reaction to the hegemonic status that the United States (US) has established in the Middle-East, especially after the Afghan-Soviet War. This had political and economic implications that often violate the Shariat on governance and trade. These Muslims oppose power-politics played by the US in countries such as Iraq, Iran and Libya. They contend that these politics mainly further US economic interests in the Middle-East. The Quran states that Islamic resources should be used mainly for Islamic benefits and can be exchanged with non-Muslims through negotiations and agreements. However, it strongly condemns unsolicited involvement of non-Muslims in Muslim affairs. Thus, some Muslims also emphasize US oil-trade in the Middle East from this perspective. They also condemn power hungry leaders in the Islamic world who facilitate such economics and politics and prevent the downward filtration effects of these engagements, as recommended by the Quran. Thus, Bin-Laden and these Muslims believe that, despite their intensity, the 11 September 2001 attacks were a legitimate Quranic reaction to preserve the sanctity of Islamic values in the Middle East. 11. Extreme interpretations of the Qurans discourse on violence would legitimize this belief. Contrarily, perceptions of state oriented violence and war in the non-Muslim world would reject it. However, it is important to remember that in Islam, extreme as they maybe, acts of violence are legitimized by the Quran, as long as they are enacted to reserve the Shariat and executed within its discourse on violence. Role of Quranic Interpretations in Justifying and Integrating Terrorism 12. Even though the various terrorists groups intone various ideologies of the Islamic religion, there are no set universal agendas for these groups. In the contemporary world the goal for groups like Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad and the Chechen rebels is a nation of their own with tactics reminiscent of the ethnic violence erupting after abandoned colonialism. On the other end of the spectrum are groups like Jemaah Islamiya (JI) and Al-Qaeda with its various offshoots, who indeed are looking to rearrange the global order, instigate the now-infamous clash of civilizations and create a Muslim caliphate that spans continents, all the while bringing the West to its knees. Their goals are vast and global. Somewhere in the middle of all this are groups at risk, Lashkar-e-Taiba (LET) in Pakistan and the separatist movements in the Philippines and Thailand. These groups are primarily motivated by state-centric goals, but all rest on the cusp of pan-territorial and far more dangerous age ndas. Terrorist groups can largely be conceived as having two working parts: an identity and an ideology. When it comes to Islamic  terrorism, that identity is based in religion, but sometimes the ideology is based in nationalism, while at other times in a more transient, pan-territorial agenda. This difference is most stark between more traditional ethno-terrorist movements and the far more globally oriented groups like Al-Qaeda  [24]  . 13. Since nationalist movements are focused on creating a state or political freedoms for one group, their strategies are focused on the nation-state from which they hope to gain concessions. Their violence is directed at those inside the state. Whether or not Islam provides the identity, their goals are not apocalyptic. In contrast,  religious  terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda engage in almost no domestic targeting. Their goals cross continents. They want to destroy corrupt regimes in the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, purge the Western presence in their lands and change the global power order  [25]  . 14. After having seen how the terrorists interpret the Quran in justifying their actions, we can surmise that the popularity of this kind of radical reaction in the Muslim world can be explained as a  religious  counter reaction to the rapid progress of modernization, which has often included a move away from traditional  religious  beliefs in societies. In some parts of the less-developed world, fundamentalists are counterattacking against the perceived threats to their societies posed by secularism and modernity, and some are blaming their societies failures on the godless West. Political Islam calls for a renewal of Islamic values in the personal and public life of Muslims. Its manifestations include strict  religious  observances, the rapid growth of  religious  publications and readings from the Koran on radio and in television programming, and demands for the implementation of Islamic law. Political Islam often includes growing numbers of Islamic schools, organi zations, and activist movements and expressions of resentment against the Western world for exporting a secular Coca-Cola culture to the Islamic world  [26]  . Throughout the Arab world, Muslim militants and terrorists are often recruited from the legions of unemployed and dispirited young men in both urban and rural settings in seriously underdeveloped countries. In many nations in the Middle East, there is never a shortage of those who are willing to find attractive the idea of launching a holy war against the enemy.